In recent years, Vietnam witnesses the mass development of social network users on different social platforms such as Facebook, Youtube, Instagram, and Tiktok. On social medias, hate speech has become a critical problem for social network users. To solve this problem, we introduce the ViHSD - a human-annotated dataset for automatically detecting hate speech on the social network. This dataset contains over 30,000 comments, each comment in the dataset has one of three labels: CLEAN, OFFENSIVE, or HATE. Besides, we introduce the data creation process for annotating and evaluating the quality of the dataset. Finally, we evaluated the dataset by deep learning models and transformer models.
University of Information Technology（信息技术大学）；Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City（胡志明市越南国家大学）
The rise in hateful and offensive language directed at other users is one of the adverse side effects of the increased use of social networking platforms. This could make it difficult for human moderators to review tagged comments filtered by classification systems. To help address this issue, we present the ViHOS (Vietnamese Hate and Offensive Spans) dataset, the first human-annotated corpus containing 26k spans on 11k comments. We also provide definitions of hateful and offensive spans in Vietnamese comments as well as detailed annotation guidelines. Besides, we conduct experiments with vari…
University of Information Technology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City（胡志明市国家大学信息技术大学）
In recent years, Hate Speech Detection has become one of the interesting fields in natural language processing or computational linguistics. In this paper, we present the description of our system to solve this problem at the VLSP shared task 2019: Hate Speech Detection on Social Networks with the corpus which contains 20,345 human-labeled comments/posts for training and 5,086 for public-testing. We implement a deep learning method based on the Bi-GRU-LSTM-CNN classifier into this task. Our result in this task is 70.576% of F1-score, ranking the 5th of performance on public-test set.
University of Information Technology（信息技术大学）；Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City（胡志明市越南国家大学）
Hate-speech detection on social network language has become one of the main researching fields recently due to the spreading of social networks like Facebook and Twitter. In Vietnam, the threat of offensive and harassment cause bad impacts for online user. The VLSP - Shared task about Hate Speech Detection on social networks showed many proposed approaches for detecting whatever comment is clean or not. However, this problem still needs further researching. Consequently, we compare traditional machine learning and deep learning on a large dataset about the user's comments on social network in …
ViHateT5: Enhancing Hate Speech Detection in Vietnamese With A Unified Text-to-Text Transformer Model
Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, University of Information Technology（信息科学与工程学院，信息科技大学）；Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City（越南国家大学胡志明市分校）
University of Information Technology, VNU-HCM（胡志明市国家大学信息技术大学）
In this paper, we describe our system which participates in the shared task of Hate Speech Detection on Social Networks of VLSP 2019 evaluation campaign. We are provided with the pre-labeled dataset and an unlabeled dataset for social media comments or posts. Our mission is to pre-process and build machine learning models to classify comments/posts. In this report, we use Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory to build the model that can predict labels for social media text according to Clean, Offensive, Hate. With this system, we achieve comparative results with 71.43% on the public standard te…
Sun Asterisk Inc（太阳星公司）；Le Quy Don Technical University（黎贵敦技术大学）
Natural language processing is a fast-growing field of artificial intelligence. Since the Transformer was introduced by Google in 2017, a large number of language models such as BERT, GPT, and ELMo have been inspired by this architecture. These models were trained on huge datasets and achieved state-of-the-art results on natural language understanding. However, fine-tuning a pre-trained language model on much smaller datasets for downstream tasks requires a carefully-designed pipeline to mitigate problems of the datasets such as lack of training data and imbalanced data. In this paper, we prop…
University of Information Technology（信息技术大学）；Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City（胡志明市越南国家大学）
Society needs to develop a system to detect hate and offense to build a healthy and safe environment. However, current research in this field still faces four major shortcomings, including deficient pre-processing techniques, indifference to data imbalance issues, modest performance models, and lacking practical applications. This paper focused on developing an intelligent system capable of addressing these shortcomings. Firstly, we proposed an efficient pre-processing technique to clean comments collected from Vietnamese social media. Secondly, a novel hate speech detection (HSD) model, which…
Umeå University（于默奥大学）；The Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO（澳大利亚电子健康研究中心，联邦科学与工业研究组织）；University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Vietnam National University, Hanoi（河内国家大学工程技术大学）；InfoRE Technology Company（InfoRE技术公司）；Hanoi University of Science (HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi（河内国家大学自然科学大学）
The paper describes the organisation of the "HateSpeech Detection" (HSD) task at the VLSP workshop 2019 on detecting the fine-grained presence of hate speech in Vietnamese textual items (i.e., messages) extracted from Facebook, which is the most popular social network site (SNS) in Vietnam. The task is organised as a multi-class classification task and based on a large-scale dataset containing 25,431 Vietnamese textual items from Facebook. The task participants were challenged to build a classification model that is capable of classifying an item to one of 3 classes, i.e., "HATE", "OFFENSIVE" …
Most hate speech detection research focuses on a single language, generally English, which limits their generalisability to other languages. In this paper we investigate the cross-lingual hate speech detection task, tackling the problem by adapting the hate speech resources from one language to another. We propose a cross-lingual capsule network learning model coupled with extra domain-specific lexical semantics for hate speech (CCNL-Ex). Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on benchmark datasets from AMI@Evalita2018 and AMI@Ibereval2018 involving three languages: English, Spanish a…
Vietnam Artificial Intelligence System（越南人工智能系统）；Hanoi University of Science and Technology（河内理工大学）；Thai Nguyen University of Education（太原师范大学）；Thai Nguyen University（太原大学）；Hanoi University of Mining and Geology（河内矿业地质大学）
Nowadays, Social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Twitter are common places where people show their opinions, sentiments and share information with others. However, some people use SNSs to post abuse and harassment threats in order to prevent other SNSs users from expressing themselves as well as seeking different opinions. To deal with this problem, SNSs have to use a lot of resources including people to clean the aforementioned content. In this paper, we propose a supervised learning model based on the ensemble method to solve the problem of detecting hate content on SNSs in order to m…
Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）；University of Wolverhampton（伍尔弗汉普顿大学）
In this paper we examine methods to detect hate speech in social media, while distinguishing this from general profanity. We aim to establish lexical baselines for this task by applying supervised classification methods using a recently released dataset annotated for this purpose. As features, our system uses character n-grams, word n-grams and word skip-grams. We obtain results of 78% accuracy in identifying posts across three classes. Results demonstrate that the main challenge lies in discriminating profanity and hate speech from each other. A number of directions for future work are discus…
Indian Institute of Technology Patna（印度理工学院巴特那分校）；Jadavpur University（贾达沃普尔大学）
The phenomenal growth on the internet has helped in empowering individual's expressions, but the misuse of freedom of expression has also led to the increase of various cyber crimes and anti-social activities. Hate speech is one such issue that needs to be addressed very seriously as otherwise, this could pose threats to the integrity of the social fabrics. In this paper, we proposed deep learning approaches utilizing various embeddings for detecting various types of hate speeches in social media. Detecting hate speech from a large volume of text, especially tweets which contains limited conte…
Social media platforms have recently seen an increase in the occurrence of hate speech discourse which has led to calls for improved detection methods. Most of these rely on annotated data, keywords, and a classification technique. While this approach provides good coverage, it can fall short when dealing with new terms produced by online extremist communities which act as original sources of words which have alternate hate speech meanings. These code words (which can be both created and adopted words) are designed to evade automatic detection and often have benign meanings in regular discours…
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology（沙赫贾拉勒科技大学）；Fordham University（福特汉姆大学）
In this paper, we present HS-BAN, a binary class hate speech (HS) dataset in Bangla language consisting of more than 50,000 labeled comments, including 40.17% hate and rest are non hate speech. While preparing the dataset a strict and detailed annotation guideline was followed to reduce human annotation bias. The HS dataset was also preprocessed linguistically to extract different types of slang currently people write using symbols, acronyms, or alternative spellings. These slang words were further categorized into traditional and non-traditional slang lists and included in the results of this…
With the high prevalence of offensive language against minorities in social media, counter-hate speeches (CHS) generation is considered an automatic way of tackling this challenge. The CHS is supposed to appear as a third voice to educate people and keep the social [red lines bold] without limiting the principles of freedom of speech. In this paper, we review the most important research in the past and present with a main focus on methodologies, collected datasets and statistical analysis CHS's impact on social media. The CHS generation is based on the optimistic assumption that any attempt to…
The spread of hatred that was formerly limited to verbal communications has rapidly moved over the Internet. Social media and community forums that allow people to discuss and express their opinions are becoming platforms for the spreading of hate messages. Many countries have developed laws to avoid online hate speech. They hold the companies that run the social media responsible for their failure to eliminate hate speech. But as online content continues to grow, so does the spread of hate speech However, manual analysis of hate speech on online platforms is infeasible due to the huge amount …
Automatic Textual Normalization for Hate Speech Detection
Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, University of Information Technology（信息科学与工程学院，信息技术大学）；Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City（胡志明市越南国家大学）
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡拉格普尔分校）
Due to the sheer volume of online hate, the AI and NLP communities have started building models to detect such hateful content. Recently, multilingual hate is a major emerging challenge for automated detection where code-mixing or more than one language have been used for conversation in social media. Typically, hate speech detection models are evaluated by measuring their performance on the held-out test data using metrics such as accuracy and F1-score. While these metrics are useful, it becomes difficult to identify using them where the model is failing, and how to resolve it. To enable more…
Hate speech and profanity detection suffer from data sparsity, especially for languages other than English, due to the subjective nature of the tasks and the resulting annotation incompatibility of existing corpora. In this study, we identify profane subspaces in word and sentence representations and explore their generalization capability on a variety of similar and distant target tasks in a zero-shot setting. This is done monolingually (German) and cross-lingually to closely-related (English), distantly-related (French) and non-related (Arabic) tasks. We observe that, on both similar and dis…
Hate speech is increasingly prevalent online, and its negative outcomes include increased prejudice, extremism, and even offline hate crime. Automatic detection of online hate speech can help us to better understand these impacts. However, while the field has recently progressed through advances in natural language processing, challenges still remain. In particular, most existing approaches for hate speech detection focus on a single social media platform in isolation. This limits both the use of these models and their validity, as the nature of language varies from platform to platform. Here …
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院克勒格布尔分校）
Social media often serves as a breeding ground for various hateful and offensive content. Identifying such content on social media is crucial due to its impact on the race, gender, or religion in an unprejudiced society. However, while there is extensive research in hate speech detection in English, there is a gap in hateful content detection in low-resource languages like Bengali. Besides, a current trend on social media is the use of Romanized Bengali for regular interactions. To overcome the existing research's limitations, in this study, we develop an annotated dataset of 10K Bengali posts…
Symbiosis Institute of Technology（共生理工学院）；Symbiosis Centre for Applied Artificial Intelligence（共生应用人工智能中心）
Social networking platforms provide a conduit to disseminate our ideas, views and thoughts and proliferate information. This has led to the amalgamation of English with natively spoken languages. Prevalence of Hindi-English code-mixed data (Hinglish) is on the rise with most of the urban population all over the world. Hate speech detection algorithms deployed by most social networking platforms are unable to filter out offensive and abusive content posted in these code-mixed languages. Thus, the worldwide hate speech detection rate of around 44% drops even more considering the content in India…
Since traditional social media platforms continue to ban actors spreading hate speech or other forms of abusive languages (a process known as deplatforming), these actors migrate to alternative platforms that do not moderate users content. One popular platform relevant for the German hater community is Telegram for which limited research efforts have been made so far. This study aims to develop a broad framework comprising (i) an abusive language classification model for German Telegram messages and (ii) a classification model for the hatefulness of Telegram channels. For the first part, we us…
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡格普尔分校）
Reducing hateful and offensive content in online social media pose a dual problem for the moderators. On the one hand, rigid censorship on social media cannot be imposed. On the other, the free flow of such content cannot be allowed. Hence, we require efficient abusive language detection system to detect such harmful content in social media. In this paper, we present our machine learning model, HateMonitor, developed for Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in Indo-European Languages (HASOC), a shared task at FIRE 2019. We have used a Gradient Boosting model, along with BERT and LA…
University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣巴巴拉分校）；Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）
Existing work on automated hate speech classification assumes that the dataset is fixed and the classes are pre-defined. However, the amount of data in social media increases every day, and the hot topics changes rapidly, requiring the classifiers to be able to continuously adapt to new data without forgetting the previously learned knowledge. This ability, referred to as lifelong learning, is crucial for the real-word application of hate speech classifiers in social media. In this work, we propose lifelong learning of hate speech classification on social media. To alleviate catastrophic forge…
In the wake of a polarizing election, social media is laden with hateful content. To address various limitations of supervised hate speech classification methods including corpus bias and huge cost of annotation, we propose a weakly supervised two-path bootstrapping approach for an online hate speech detection model leveraging large-scale unlabeled data. This system significantly outperforms hate speech detection systems that are trained in a supervised manner using manually annotated data. Applying this model on a large quantity of tweets collected before, after, and on election day reveals m…
With the spreading of hate speech on social media in recent years, automatic detection of hate speech is becoming a crucial task and has attracted attention from various communities. This task aims to recognize online posts (e.g., tweets) that contain hateful information. The peculiarities of languages in social media, such as short and poorly written content, lead to the difficulty of learning semantics and capturing discriminative features of hate speech. Previous studies have utilized additional useful resources, such as sentiment hashtags, to improve the performance of hate speech detectio…
International Institute of Information Technology - Hyderabad（海得拉巴国际信息技术学院）
Hateful and Toxic content has become a significant concern in today's world due to an exponential rise in social media. The increase in hate speech and harmful content motivated researchers to dedicate substantial efforts to the challenging direction of hateful content identification. In this task, we propose an approach to automatically classify hate speech and offensive content. We have used the datasets obtained from FIRE 2019 and 2020 shared tasks. We perform experiments by taking advantage of transfer learning models. We observed that the pre-trained BERT model and the multilingual-BERT m…
Universidad Torcuato Di Tella（托尔夸托·迪·特利亚大学）；National Institute of Standards and Technology（美国国家标准与技术研究院）；Colorado State University（科罗拉多州立大学）
In recent years, hate speech has gained great relevance in social networks and other virtual media because of its intensity and its relationship with violent acts against members of protected groups. Due to the great amount of content generated by users, great effort has been made in the research and development of automatic tools to aid the analysis and moderation of this speech, at least in its most threatening forms. One of the limitations of current approaches to automatic hate speech detection is the lack of context. Most studies and resources are performed on data without context; that i…
King Abdulaziz University（阿卜杜勒阿齐兹国王大学）；University of Tabuk（塔布克大学）
The enormous amount of data being generated on the web and social media has increased the demand for detecting online hate speech. Detecting hate speech will reduce their negative impact and influence on others. A lot of effort in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) domain aimed to detect hate speech in general or detect specific hate speech such as religion, race, gender, or sexual orientation. Hate communities tend to use abbreviations, intentional spelling mistakes, and coded words in their communication to evade detection, adding more challenges to hate speech detection tasks. Thus, word…
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani（印度信息技术学院卡利亚尼分校）
Social media has seen a worrying rise in hate speech in recent times. Branching to several distinct categories of cyberbullying, gender discrimination, or racism, the combined label for such derogatory content can be classified as toxic content in general. This paper presents experimentation with a Keras wrapped lightweight BERT model to successfully identify hate speech and predict probabilistic impact score for the same to extract the hateful words within sentences. The dataset used for this task is the Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection (HASOC 2021) data from FIRE 2021 in English. …
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology（沙贾拉尔科技大学）
Social media sites such as YouTube and Facebook have become an integral part of everyone's life and in the last few years, hate speech in the social media comment section has increased rapidly. Detection of hate speech on social media websites faces a variety of challenges including small imbalanced data sets, the findings of an appropriate model and also the choice of feature analysis method. further more, this problem is more severe for the Bengali speaking community due to the lack of gold standard labelled datasets. This paper presents a new dataset of 30,000 user comments tagged by crowd …
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná（巴拉那联邦理工大学）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）；University of Wolverhampton（伍尔弗汉普顿大学）
In this paper we revisit the problem of automatically identifying hate speech in posts from social media. We approach the task using a system based on minimalistic compositional Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). We tested our approach on the SemEval-2019 Task 5: Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter (HatEval) shared task dataset. The dataset made available by the HatEval organizers contained English and Spanish posts retrieved from Twitter annotated with respect to the presence of hateful content and its target. In this paper we present the results obtain…
Computer Science Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais（米纳斯吉拉斯联邦大学计算机科学系）
Due to the severity of the social media offensive and hateful comments in Brazil, and the lack of research in Portuguese, this paper provides the first large-scale expert annotated corpus of Brazilian Instagram comments for hate speech and offensive language detection. The HateBR corpus was collected from the comment section of Brazilian politicians' accounts on Instagram and manually annotated by specialists, reaching a high inter-annotator agreement. The corpus consists of 7,000 documents annotated according to three different layers: a binary classification (offensive versus non-offensive c…
Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；Qatar Computing Research Institute（卡塔尔计算研究所）
A key challenge for automatic hate-speech detection on social media is the separation of hate speech from other instances of offensive language. Lexical detection methods tend to have low precision because they classify all messages containing particular terms as hate speech and previous work using supervised learning has failed to distinguish between the two categories. We used a crowd-sourced hate speech lexicon to collect tweets containing hate speech keywords. We use crowd-sourcing to label a sample of these tweets into three categories: those containing hate speech, only offensive languag…
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology（沙赫贾拉尔科技大学）；University of Alberta（阿尔伯塔大学）；University of Boston（波士顿大学）；Fordham University（福特汉姆大学）
Social media platforms and online streaming services have spawned a new breed of Hate Speech (HS). Due to the massive amount of user-generated content on these sites, modern machine learning techniques are found to be feasible and cost-effective to tackle this problem. However, linguistically diverse datasets covering different social contexts in which offensive language is typically used are required to train generalizable models. In this paper, we identify the shortcomings of existing Bangla HS datasets and introduce a large manually labeled dataset BD-SHS that includes HS in different socia…
Technical University of Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）；LMU Munich（慕尼黑大学）
The goal of hate speech detection is to filter negative online content aiming at certain groups of people. Due to the easy accessibility of social media platforms it is crucial to protect everyone which requires building hate speech detection systems for a wide range of languages. However, the available labeled hate speech datasets are limited making it problematic to build systems for many languages. In this paper we focus on cross-lingual transfer learning to support hate speech detection in low-resource languages. We leverage cross-lingual word embeddings to train our neural network systems…
NaijaHate: Evaluating Hate Speech Detection on Nigerian Twitter Using Representative Data
The World Bank（世界银行）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；New York University（纽约大学）；Universidade Federal de Goiás（戈亚斯联邦大学）；Ecole Normale Supérieure（巴黎高等师范学院）；Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin（苏丹再纳阿比丁大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）
This paper is a contribution to the Hate Speech and Offensive Content Identification in Indo-European Languages (HASOC) 2021 shared task. Social media today is a hotbed of toxic and hateful conversations, in various languages. Recent news reports have shown that current models struggle to automatically identify hate posted in minority languages. Therefore, efficiently curbing hate speech is a critical challenge and problem of interest. We present a multilingual architecture using state-of-the-art transformer language models to jointly learn hate and offensive speech detection across three lang…
Bayero University（巴耶罗大学）；Modibbo Adama University（莫迪博·阿达玛大学）；HausaNLP（豪萨语自然语言处理）；LIAAD-INESC TEC；Ahmadu Bello University（艾哈迈德·贝罗大学）
Social media platforms allow users to freely share their opinions about issues or anything they feel like. However, they also make it easier to spread hate and abusive content. The Fulani ethnic group has been the victim of this unfortunate phenomenon. This paper introduces the HERDPhobia - the first annotated hate speech dataset on Fulani herders in Nigeria - in three languages: English, Nigerian-Pidgin, and Hausa. We present a benchmark experiment using pre-trained languages models to classify the tweets as either hateful or non-hateful. Our experiment shows that the XML-T model provides bet…
University of Lorraine（洛林大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；INRIA（法国国家信息与自动化研究所）；Loria（洛林计算机科学及其应用实验室）
The task of automatically detecting hate speech in social media is gaining more and more attention. Given the enormous volume of content posted daily, human monitoring of hate speech is unfeasible. In this work, we propose new word-level features for automatic hate speech detection (HSD): multiword expressions (MWEs). MWEs are lexical units greater than a word that have idiomatic and compositional meanings. We propose to integrate MWE features in a deep neural network-based HSD framework. Our baseline HSD system relies on Universal Sentence Encoder (USE). To incorporate MWE features, we create…
