The increased penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector has increased the requirement of Fast Charging Direct Current (FCDC) stations to meet customer's speedy charging requirements. However, both charging stations and EVs connection to the communication infrastructure as well as the power grid makes it vulnerable to cyber attacks. In this paper, the vulnerability of the EV charging process is initially studied. We then show how a botnet of compromised EVs and FCDC stations can be utilized to launch cyber attacks on the power grid resulting in an increase in the load at a specific time. The effect of such attacks on the distribution network in terms of line congestion and voltage limit violations is investigated. Moreover, the effect of the botnet of the transmission network is also studied.
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are present in many settings addressing a myriad of purposes. Examples are Internet-of-Things (IoT) or sensing software embedded in appliances or even specialised meters that measure and respond to electricity demands in smart grids. Due to their pervasive nature, they are usually chosen as recipients for larger scope cyber-security attacks. Those promote system-wide disruptions and are directed towards one key aspect such as confidentiality, integrity, availability or a combination of those characteristics. Our paper focuses on a particular and distressing attack …
For the smart vehicular network, we studied two technologies to realize it. The first technology is the cooperative scheme which improves capacity by properly combining the V2V and V2I. The second technology is an online learning algorithm which can deal with the beam selection problem in mmWave system. Both are effective and can be used in autonomous driving systems. However, advancements in the field of IoV have elicited research in different areas related to the field. This highlights a critical need to address security and protection challenges as a result of the progression of vehicles an…
This paper analyzes the potential benefit of heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) electrification and automation on fleet cost, infrastructure cost, grid, and environmental impact. In this work, we extended the vehicle electrification benefit analysis tool: Grid-Electrified Mobility (GEM) model, which had primarily been used to study light-duty passenger vehicles (LDVs), to analyze the heavy-duty vehicle electrification. The extended model is derived for freight transportation and key results and findings on the impact of freight electrification and automation are presented and discussed.
The surging adoption of electric vehicles (EV) calls for accurate and efficient approaches to coordinate with the power grid operation. By being responsive to distribution grid limits and time-varying electricity prices, EV charging stations can minimize their charging costs while aiding grid operation simultaneously. In this study, we investigate the economic benefit of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) using real-time price data from New York State and a real-world charging network dataset. We incorporate nonlinear battery models and price uncertainty into the V2G management design to provide a realisti…
High-wattage demand-side appliances such as Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are proliferating. As a result, information on the charging patterns of PEVs is becoming accessible via smartphone applications, which aggregate real-time availability and historical usage of public PEV charging stations. Moreover, information on the power grid infrastructure and operations has become increasingly available in technical documents and real-time dashboards of the utilities, affiliates, and the power grid operators. The research question that this study explores is: Can one combine high-wattage demand-si…
An electric vehicle model is developed to characterize the behavior of the Smart e.d. (2013) while driving, charging and providing vehicle-to-grid services. The battery model is an electro-thermal model with a dual polarization equivalent circuit electrical model coupled with a lumped thermal model with active liquid cooling. The aging trend of the EV's 50 Ah large format pouch cell with NMC chemistry is evaluated via accelerated aging tests in the laboratory. The EV model is completed with the measurement of the on-board charger efficiency and the charging control behavior via IEC 61851-1. Pe…
The growing deployment of electric mobility calls for power system analyses to investigate to what extent the simultaneous charging of electric vehicles leads to degraded network operation and to validate the efficiency of countermeasures. To reduce complexity and CPU time, a common approach while performing these analyses consists in replacing electric vehicles and their charging stations with constant PQ loads. However, this approach is inaccurate, as the power absorbed by these elements actually depends not only on voltage but also on the state of charge, charging method, cathode chemistry …
The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept utilises electric vehicles as distributed energy storage and thus may help to balance out the intermittent availability of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics. V2G is therefore considered to play an important role for achieving low-carbon energy and transportation systems in cities. However, the adequate planning of city-wide V2G infrastructures requires detailed knowledge of the aggregate mobility patterns of individuals and also needs to keep track with ongoing developments of urban transportation modes. Here, we introduce an initial framework tha…
This paper presents a consolidated grid impact analysis design and corresponding mitigation strategies for heavy-duty electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. The charging load of heavy-duty charging station can reach several megawatts, which could induce adverse impacts on the distribution grid if not effectively mitigated. To analyze the impacts and provide corresponding solutions, we select four representative distribution systems - including both single-feeder cases and a multi-feeder case - and design thorough test metrics for the impact analysis. The charging load profiles used in the an…
In this paper a new aggregated model for electric vehicle (EV) fleets is presented that considers their daily and weekly usage patterns. A frequency-constrained stochastic unit commitment model is employed to optimally schedule EV charging and discharging as well as the provision of frequency response (FR) in an electricity system, while respecting the vehicles' energy requirements and driving schedules. Through case studies we demonstrate that an EV with vehicle to grid (V2G) capability can reduce system costs in a future GB electricity grid by up to £12,000 per year, and reduce CO2 emissions…
This paper proposes a distributed framework for vehicle grid integration (VGI) taking into account the communication and physical networks. To this end, we model the electric vehicle (EV) behaviour that includes time of departure, time of arrival, state of charge, required energy, and its objectives, e.g., avoid battery degradation. Next, we formulate the centralised day ahead distribution market (DADM) which explicitly represents the physical system, supports unbalanced three phase networks with delta and wye connections, and incorporates the charging needs of EVs. The solution of the central…
This work presents an effective state of health indicator to indicate lithium-ion battery degradation based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network (RNN) coupled with a sliding-window. The developed LSTM RNN is able to capture the underlying long-term dependencies of degraded cell capacity on battery degradation stress factors. The learning performance was robust when there was sufficient training data, with an error of < 5% if more than 1.15 years worth of data was supplied for training.
Natural disasters such as storms usually bring significant damages to distribution grids. This paper investigates the optimal routing of utility vehicles to restore outages in the distribution grid as fast as possible after a storm. First, the poststorm repair crew dispatch task with multiple utility vehicles is formulated as a sequential stochastic optimization problem. In the formulated optimization model, the belief state of the power grid is updated according to the phone calls from customers and the information collected by utility vehicles. Second, an AlphaZero[1] based utility vehicle r…
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution systems are attracting a large amount of interest from researchers with the development of the smart grid technologies. A smart grid aims at effective control and conditioning of the distribution of electricity. Pricing signal based distribution system are seen as one of the novel ways to achieve control in a smart grid. In our work, we propose to use a pricing signal modeled after the locational marginal price in the transmission system to locally provide price data to the users. The formulation and implementation of the distributional…
Electric vehicles (EVs) are an eco-friendly alternative to vehicles with internal combustion engines. Despite their environmental benefits, the massive electricity demand imposed by the anticipated proliferation of EVs could jeopardize the secure and economic operation of the power grid. Hence, proper strategies for charging coordination will be indispensable to the future power grid. Coordinated EV charging schemes can be implemented as centralized, decentralized, and hierarchical systems, with the last two, referred to as distributed charging control systems. This paper reviews the recent li…
The electrification of transport is seen as an important step in the global decarbonisation agenda. With such a large expected load on the power system from electric vehicles (EVs), it is important to coordinate charging in order to balance the supply and demand for electricity. Bidirectional charging, enabled through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, will unlock significant storage capacity from stationary EVs that are plugged in. To take this concept a step further, this paper quantifies the potential revenues to be gained by a commercial EV fleet operator from simultaneously scheduling its …
The electrification of heavy-duty vehicles (HDEVs) is a nascent and rapidly emerging avenue for decarbonization of the transportation sector. In this paper, we examine the impacts of increased vehicle electrification on the power grid infrastructure, with particular focus on HDEVs. We utilize a synthetic representation of the 2000-bus Texas transmission grid, and realistic representations of multiple distribution grids in Travis county, Texas, as well as transit data pertaining to HDEVs, to uncover the consequences of HDEV electrification, and expose the limitations imposed by existing electri…
The increasing need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the drive for green cities have promoted the use of electric vehicles due to their environmental benefits. In fact, countries have set their own targets and are offering incentives for people to purchase EVs as opposed to traditional gasoline-powered cars. Manufacturers have been hastily deploying charging stations to meet the charging requirements of the EVs on the road. This rapid deployment has contributed to the EV ecosystem's lack of proper security measures, raising multiple questions related to the power grid security and vul…
Model Predictive Control for Smart Grids with Multiple Electric-Vehicle Charging Stations
University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；The University of New South Wales Sydney（新南威尔士大学）；Queen’s University Belfast（贝尔法斯特女王大学）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）
A Strategy for Power System Stability Improvement via Controlled Charge/Discharge of Plug-in Electric Vehicles
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts（马其顿科学与艺术院）；Faculty of Computer Sciences and Engineering, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”（斯西里尔和麦托迪乌斯大学计算机科学与工程学院）；Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”（斯西里尔和麦托迪乌斯大学电气工程和信息技术学院）；BioCircuits Institute, UC San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校生物电路研究所）
本文提出利用本地频率测量对插电式电动车进行智能控制，以提高电力系统稳定性，通过IEEE Case 3和新英格兰电力系统验证，结果显示V2G提升了稳态稳定性，扩大了稳定性区域，减少了暂态中的频率和电压波动，并延长了临界清除时间。
Recent research has shown that the security of power grids can be seriously threatened by botnet-type cyber attacks that target a large number of high-wattage smart electrical appliances owned by end-users. Accurate detection and localization of such attacks is of critical importance in limiting the damage. To this end, the paper proposes a novel technique using capsule networks (CNs) tailored to the power grid security application that uses the frequency and phase angle data monitored by phasor measurement units (PMUs). With the benefit of vector output from capsules and dynamic routing agree…
We develop a system-level design for the provision of Ancillary Service (AS) for control of electric power grids by in-vehicle batteries, suitably applied to Electric Vehicles (EVs) operated in a sharing service. An architecture for cooperation between transportation and energy management systems is introduced that enables us to design an autonomous Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) for the provision of multi-objective AS: primary frequency control in a transmission grid and voltage amplitude regulation in a distribution grid connected to EVs. The design is based on the ordinary differential equation mode…
Grid-aware Scheduling and Control of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations for Dispatching Active Distribution Networks. Part-I: Day-ahead and Numerical Validation
Bang-Bang Charging of Electrical Vehicles by Smart Grid Technology
University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；Queen’s University Belfast（贝尔法斯特女王大学）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；The University of New South Wales Sydney（新南威尔士大学）
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are projected to be one of the major contributors to energy transition in the global transportation due to their rapid expansion. The EVs will play a vital role in achieving a sustainable transportation system by reducing fossil fuel dependency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, high level of EVs integration into the distribution grid has introduced many challenges for the power grid operation, safety, and network planning due to the increase in load demand, power quality impacts and power losses. An increasing fleet of electric mobility requires the advanced …
As the number of electric vehicles rapidly increases, their peak demand on the grid becomes one of the major challenges. A battery-assisted charging concept has emerged recently, which allows to accumulate energy during off-peak hours and in-between charging sessions to boost-charge the vehicle at a higher rate than available from the grid. While prior research focused on the design and implementation aspects of battery-assisted charging, its impact at large geographical scales remains largely unexplored. In this paper we analyse to which extent the battery-assisted charging can replace high-s…
Electricity usage is a major portion of utility bills and the best place to start lowering them. An effective home energy management approach is introduced to decrease customers' electricity bills by determining the optimal appliance scheduling under hourly pricing based demand response (DR) strategies. The proposed approach specifically addresses consumer comfort through acceptable appliance deferral times, within which their consumption can be shifted from the normal schedules. Electric vehicles (EVs), with vehicle to grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-home (V2H) abilities, Energy storage systems (ES…
