[...] This paper presents a rigorous derivation of a goodness-of-fit statistics for colour-magnitude diagrams (CMD). We discuss the reliability of the underlying assumptions and their validity. We derived the distribution of the sum of squared Mahalanobis distances of stellar data and theoretical isochrone for a generic set of data and models. We applied this to the case of synthetic CMDs constructed to mimic real data of open clusters in the GAIA sample. We analysed the capability of distinguishing among different sets of input physics and parameters that were used to compute the stellar models. We generated synthetic clusters from isochrones computed with these perturbed quantities, and we evaluated the goodness-of-fit with respect to the unperturbed isochrone. We show that when $r$ magnitudes are available for each of the $N$ observational objects and $p$ hyperparameters are estimated in the fit, the error distribution follows a $χ^2$ distribution with $(r-1)N - p$ degrees of freedom. We show that the linearisation of the isochrone causes negligible deviation from this result. We investigated the possibility of detecting the effects on stellar models that are induced when varying convective core overshooting efficiency, $^{14}$N$(p,γ)^{15}$O reaction rate, microscopic diffusion velocities, outer BCs, and colour transformation. The results suggest that it is possible to detect the effect induced by only some of the perturbed quantities. [...] A variation in the convective core overshooting efficiency was detectable only for photometric errors of 0.003 mag and only for the 1 Gyr case. The effects induced by the outer boundary conditions and the bolometric corrections are the largest. [...] As a last exercise, we addressed the validity of the goodness-of-fit statistics for real-world open cluster CMDs, contaminated by field stars or unresolved binaries. [...]
We present estimates of distances, ages and masses for over 6 million stars. These estimates are derived from the combination of spectrophotometric data and Gaia eDR3 parallaxes. For that, we used the previously published Unified tool to estimate Distances, Ages, and Masses (UniDAM).
In this study we follow up our recent paper (Monteiro et al. 2020) and present a homogeneous sample of fundamental parameters of open clusters in our Galaxy, entirely based on Gaia DR2 data. We used published membership probability of the stars derived from Gaia DR2 data and applied our isochrone fitting code, updated as in Monteiro et al. (2020), to GB and GR Gaia DR2 data for member stars. In doing this we take into account the nominal errors in the data and derive distance, age, and extinction of each cluster. This work therefore provides parameters for 1743 open clusters and, as a byproduc…
We improve the identification and isolation of individual stellar populations in the Galactic halo based on an updated set of empirically calibrated stellar isochrones in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and Pan-STARRS 1 (PS1) photometric systems. Along the Galactic prime meridian ($l=0^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$), where proper motions and parallaxes from Gaia DR2 can be used to compute rotational velocities of stars in the rest frame of the Milky Way, we use the observed double color-magnitude sequences of stars having large transverse motions, which are attributed to groups of stars in th…
The low-metallicity, kinematically interesting dwarf stars studied by Stephens \& Boesgaard (2002, SB02) are re-examined using Gaia DR2 astrometry, and updated model atmospheres and atomic line data. New stellar parameters are determined based on the Gaia DR2 parallactic distances and Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Database isochrones. These are in excellent agreement with spectroscopically determined stellar parameters for stars with [Fe/H]$>-2$; however, large disagreements are found for stars with [Fe/H]$\le-2$, with offsets as large as $Δ$T$_{\rm eff}\sim+500$ K and $Δ$log\,$g\sim+1.0$. A sub…
We present new isochrone fits to colour-magnitude diagrams of the Galactic globular clusters NGC\,288, NGC\,362, and NGC\,6218 (M12). We utilize a lot of photometric bands from the ultraviolet to mid-infrared by use of data from the {\it HST}, {\it Gaia}, unWISE, Pan-STARRS, and other photometric sources. In our isochrone fitting we use theoretical models and isochrones from the Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Program and Bag of Stellar Tracks and Isochrones for $α$-enhanced abundance [$α$/Fe]$=+0.40$, different helium abundances, and a metallicity of about [Fe/H]$=-1.3$ adopted from the literatur…
Reanalysis of nearby open clusters using Gaia DR1/TGAS and HSOY
疏散星团长期以来一直被用来深入了解银河系的结构、组成和演化。由于盖亚时代许多星团的大量恒星数据可用，必须开发新的技术来分析疏散星团，因为目视检查星团颜色-星等图不再可行。需要一种自动工具来分析大样本的疏散星团。我们寻求开发一个自动等时线拟合程序，以一致地确定集群成员和集群的基本参数。我们的星团表征管道首先通过精确的天体测量确定了星团成员，主要来自TGAS和HSOY。与初始集群成员建立，等时线进行了拟合，使用卡方最小化，集群测光，以确定集群的平均距离，年龄和红化。星系团成员也根据恒星光度学进行了改进。采用多波段测光，包括ASCC-2.5BV、2 MASS JHK_s、Gaia G波段。我们提出的参数估计所有24个集群接近333 pc的确定的目录的疏散星团数据和银河系星团目录。我们发现，我们的参数是一致的银河系星团目录。我们证明，它是可行的，以开发一个自动化的管道，确定集群参数和成员可靠。经过额外的修改后，我们的管道将能够使用Gaia DR 2作为输入，从而为更多的集群提供更好的集群成员资格和更准确的集群参数。
We searched through a seven-million cubic-parsec volume surrounding each of the four nearest young open clusters with ages from 40 to 80 Myr to identify both the current and past members of the clusters within the Gaia EDR3 dataset. We find over 1,700 current cluster members and over 1,200 candidate escapees. Many of these candidates lie well in front and behind the cluster from our point of view, so formerly they were considered cluster members, but their parallaxes put them more than 10 pc from the centre of the cluster today. We found two candidate high-mass white dwarfs that may have escap…
Based on astrometric data from Gaia DR2, we employ an unsupervised machine learning method to blindly search for open star clusters in the Milky Way within the Galactic latitude range of |b| < 20 degrees. In addition to 2,080 known clusters, 74 new open cluster candidates are found. In this work, we present the positions, apparent radii, parallaxes, proper motions and member stars of these candidates (https://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/vizier.submit//new_OC/). Meanwhile, to obtain the physical parameters of each candidate cluster, stellar isochrones are fit to the photometric data. The results sh…
We present new isochrone fits to the colour-magnitude diagrams of the Galactic globular clusters NGC\,6362 and NGC\,6723. We utilize 22 and 26 photometric filters for NGC\,6362 and NGC\,6723, respectively, from the ultraviolet to mid-infrared using data sets from {\it HST}, {\it Gaia}, unWISE, and other photometric sources. We use models and isochrones from the Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Database (DSED) and Bag of Stellar Tracks and Isochrones (BaSTI) for $α$-enhanced [$α$/Fe]$=+0.4$ and different helium abundances. The metallicities [Fe/H]$=-1.04\pm0.07$ and $-1.09\pm0.06$ are derived from t…
We present new isochrone fits to colour-magnitude diagrams of the Galactic globular cluster NGC\,6205 (M13). We utilise 34 photometric bands from the ultraviolet to mid-infrared by use of data from the {\it HST}, {\it Gaia} DR2, SDSS, unWISE, Pan-STARRS DR1, and other photometric sources. In our isochrone fitting we use the PARSEC, MIST, DSEP, BaSTI, and IAC-BaSTI theoretical models and isochrones, both for the solar-scaled and He-$α$-enhanced abundances, with a metallicity of about [Fe/H]$=-1.58$ adopted from the literature. The colour-magnitude diagrams, obtained with pairs of filters from d…
Massive galactic lenses with large Einstein Radii should cause a measurable astrometric microlensing effect, i.e. the light centroid shift due to the motion of the two images. Such a shift in the position of a background star due to microlensing was not included in the $Gaia$ astrometric model, therefore significant deviation should cause $Gaia$'s astrometric parameters to be determined incorrectly. Here we studied one of the photometric microlensing events reported in the $Gaia$ DR3, GaiaDR3-ULENS-001, for which poor goodness of $Gaia$ fit and erroneous parallax could indicate the presence of…
Honoring Paris Pişmiş' Legacy: Uniform Astrophysical Properties of 14 Understudied Clusters from Gaia DR3
Istanbul Galata University（伊斯坦布尔加拉塔大学）；Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University（法提赫苏丹穆罕默德瓦基夫大学）；Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Istanbul University（伊斯坦布尔大学科学研究生院）
We present new cooling models for carbon-oxygen white dwarfs with both H- and He-atmospheres, covering the whole relevant mass range, to extend our updated BaSTI (a Bag of Stellar Tracks and Isochrones) stellar evolution archive. They have been computed using core chemical stratifications obtained from new progenitor calculations, adopting a semiempirical initial-final mass relation. The physics inputs have been updated compared to our previous BaSTI calculations: ^{22}Ne diffusion in the core is now included, together with an updated CO phase diagram, and updated electron conduction opacities…
Astrometry and photometry from {\it Gaia} and spectroscopic data from the {\it Gaia}-ESO Survey (GES) are used to identify the lithium depletion boundary (LDB) in the young cluster NGC 2232. A specialised spectral line analysis procedure was used to recover the signature of undepleted lithium in very low luminosity cluster members. An age of $38\pm 3$ Myr is inferred by comparing the LDB location in absolute colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) with the predictions of standard models. This is more than twice the age derived from fitting isochrones to low-mass stars in the CMD with the same models.…
Isochrone-cloud fitting and asteroseismology of the Kepler open cluster NGC6866
Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven（KU鲁汶大学天文学研究所）；Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland（南昆士兰大学天体物理中心）；Department of Astrophysics, IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen（拉特罗布大学IMAPP天体物理学系）；Max Planck Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）
In this paper, we have used the Gaia's Data Release-3 (DR3) data to study an intermediate-age open cluster Berkeley 27 (Be 27). A total of 131 most probable cluster members are picked within the cluster's radius based on the membership probability ($> 80\%$). The cluster's radius was estimated as 3.74 arcmin. The mean proper motion (PM) of Be 27 was determined to be ($μ_α cosδ$, $μ_δ$)= ($-1.076\pm0.008$, $0.152\pm0.007$)~mas~yr$^{-1}$. The blue straggler stars (BSS) of the cluster were found to be located in the central region. Theoretical isochrones of metallicity Z$_{metal}$= 0.008 were com…
We present MINESweeper, a tool to measure stellar parameters by jointly fitting observed spectra and broadband photometry to model isochrones and spectral libraries. This approach enables the measurement of spectrophotometric distances, in addition to stellar parameters such as Teff, log(g), [Fe/H], [a/Fe], and radial velocity. MINESweeper employs a Bayesian framework and can easily incorporate a variety of priors, including Gaia parallaxes. Mock data are fit in order to demonstrate how the precision of derived parameters depends on evolutionary phase and SNR. We then fit a selection of data i…
We report the discovery of 25 new open clusters resulting from a search in dense low galactic latitude fields. We also provide, for the first time, structural and astrophysical parameters for the new findings and 34 other recently discovered open clusters using Gaia DR2 data. The candidates were confirmed by jointly inspecting the vector point diagrams and spatial distribution. The discoveries were validated by matching near known objects and comparing their mean astrometric parameters with the available literature. A decontamination algorithm was applied to the three-dimensional astrometric s…
Open star clusters in the Milky Way - Comparison of photometric and trigonometric distance scales based on Gaia TGAS data
银河系星团全球巡天（MWSC）是一个包含3061个天体的综合列表，其中提供了基于等时线拟合的星团距离等参数。Tycho-Gaia天体测量解决方案（TGAS）目录是Gaia数据发布1（Gaia DR 1）的一部分，为200多万颗恒星提供精确的三角视差测量，包括星团中的恒星。我们比较了疏散星团光度距离尺度与TGAS三角测量值之间的一致性。TGAS中可能星团成员的平均视差提供了疏散星团的三角距离标度，而光度标度则由MWSC公布的距离给出。64个集群适合比较，因为它们有超过16个可能的成员与视差测量TGAS。我们计算了可能成员的平均光弛度，并将其与MWSC中得出的光度光弛度进行了比较。我们发现一个很好的协议之间的三角TGAS为基础的和测光MWSC为基础的距离尺度的疏散星团，其中的距离小于2.3千秒差距符合在一个水平上约0.1 mas的距离没有依赖。如果真的存在的话，那么在$30^\circ$和$160^\circ$银经之间沿着银河系赤道有一个轻微的系统偏移。
Open clusters (OCs) are regarded as tracers to understand stellar evolution theory and validate stellar models. In this study, we presented a robust approach to identifying OCs. A hybrid method of pyUPMASK and RF is first used to remove field stars and determine more reliable members. An identification model based on the RF algorithm built based on 3714 OC samples from Gaia DR2 and EDR3 is then applied to identify OC candidates. The OC candidates are obtained after isochrone fitting, the advanced stellar population synthesis (ASPS) model fitting, and visual inspection. Using the proposed appro…
A growing disquiet has emerged in recent years that standard stellar models are at odds with observations of the colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) and lithium depletion patterns of pre main sequence (PMS) stars in clusters. In this work we select 1,246 high probability K/M-type constituent members of 5 young open clusters (5--125\,Myr) in the Gaia-ESO Survey to test a series of models that use standard input physics and others that incorporate surface magnetic fields or cool starspots. We find that: standard models provide systematically under-luminous isochrones for low-mass stars in the CMD a…
Reliable fundamental parameters of open clusters such as distance, age and extinction are key to our understanding of Galactic structure and stellar evolution. In this work we use {\it Gaia} DR2 to investigate 45 open clusters listed in the \emph{New catalogue of optically visible open clusters and candidates} (DAML) but with no previous astrometric membership estimation based on {\it Gaia} DR2. In the process of selecting targets for this study we found that some clusters reported as new discoveries in recent papers based on {\it Gaia} DR2 were already known clusters listed in DAML. Cluster m…
Gaia EDR3 offers greatly improved kinematics for nearby objects, including members of nearby young stellar moving groups (NYMGs). In this study, we aim to identify low-mass NYMG members (spectral types of M0 to mid-L) in Gaia EDR3. We calculated spatio-kinematic membership probabilities utilising a Bayesian membership probability calculation scheme developed in our previous study. We evaluated stellar youth primarily based on colour-magnitude diagram positions. Combining spatio-kinematic membership assessment and youth evaluation, we identified ~2900 low-mass NYMG candidate members including ~…
Hunting for open clusters in \textit{Gaia} DR2: $582$ new OCs in the Galactic disc
疏散星团是星系结构和演化以及恒星物理研究的重要目标。自\textit{Gaia} DR 2出版以来，未检测到的簇的发现证明了我们的样本不完整。我们的目标是利用机器学习的大数据能力来检测\textit{Gaia} DR 2中新的疏散星团，并完成疏散星团样本，以便对银河系盘进行进一步研究。我们使用基于机器学习的方法系统地搜索银河系盘，寻找天体测量空间中的超密度，并使用光度信息将它们识别为疏散星团。首先，我们使用一个无监督的聚类算法，DBSCAN，在\textit{Gaia} DR 2 $(l,b,\varpi,μ_{α^*},μ_δ)$中盲目搜索这些overdensities。之后，我们使用一个在颜色-星等图上训练的深度学习人工神经网络来识别这些高密度中的等时线模式，并将其确认为疏散星团。我们发现$582$新的疏散星团沿银河系盘分布，在区域$|b| < 20$。我们可以探测到复杂区域的亚结构，并识别出位于$\sim 2$ kpc的$\sim 3$ Gyr的扰动星系团UBC~ $274$的潮汐尾。将该方法调整到大数据环境中，使我们能够以疏散星团的物理特性驱动的搜索为目标，而不是由其计算需求驱动。在$45\%$中，这种对银盘中疏散星团的盲目搜索增加了已知疏散星团的数量。
Stellar ages are key to improving our understanding of different astrophysical phenomena. However, many techniques to estimate stellar ages are highly model-dependent. The lithium depletion boundary (LDB), based on the presence or absence of lithium in low-mass stars, can be used to derive ages in stellar associations of between 20 and 500~Ma. The purpose of this work is to revise former LDB ages in stellar associations in a consistent way, taking advantage of the homogeneous \textit{Gaia} parallaxes as well as bolometric luminosity estimations that do not rely on monochromatic bolometric corr…
