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arXiv 2103.05508astro-ph.GAastro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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自引力盘碎裂的两步引力级联

A two-step gravitational cascade for the fragmentation of self-gravitating discs

Noé Brucy, Patrick Hennebelle

摘要:

自引力盘被认为在天体物理学中起着重要作用,特别是在恒星和行星形成过程中。在这种情况下,已经广泛地研究了经受理想化冷却过程的盘,该理想化冷却过程的特征在于以轨道时间尺度为单位表示的冷却时间尺度$β$。我们利用黎曼解算器和3D Goddom计划中实施的代码拉美西斯进行高分辨率的模拟,补充以前的研究,使用平滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)或二维网格代码。我们观察到,临界值的$β$的光盘碎片是与大多数以前的结果是一致的,并没有很好地收敛与分辨率。通过研究柱密度波动的概率密度函数($Σ$ -PDF),我们认为,有没有严格的分离之间的碎片和未碎片的制度,而是一个平稳的过渡,随着冷却变得不那么有效的片段的出现的概率稳步下降。我们发现$Σ$ -PDF的高柱密度部分遵循简单的幂律,其斜率与$β$成比例,并且我们提出了一种基于重力应力冷却和加热之间平衡的解释。我们的解释表明,一个更有效的冷却需要更多的加热意味着一个更大的部分致密的材料,在没有特征尺度,导致在一个较浅的无标度幂律。我们认为引力级联过程分两步进行,首先是通过一系列由角动量的粘性输运触发的准静力平衡形成致密的螺旋状结构,其次是沿着这些细丝坍缩,最终导致形成有界碎片。

英文摘要:

Self-gravitating discs are believed to play an important role in astrophysics in particular regarding the star and planet formation process. In this context, discs subject to an idealized cooling process, characterized by a cooling timescale $β$ expressed in unit of orbital timescale, have been extensively studied. We take advantage of the Riemann solver and the 3D Godunov scheme implemented in the code Ramses to perform high resolution simulations, complementing previous studies that have used smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) or 2D grid codes. We observe that the critical value of $β$ for which the disc fragments is consistent with most previous results, and is not well converged with resolution. By studying the probability density function of the fluctuations of the column density ($Σ$-PDF), we argue that there is no strict separation between the fragmented and the unfragmented regimes but rather a smooth transition with the probability of apparition of fragments steadily diminishing as the cooling becames less effective. We find that the high column density part of the $Σ$-PDF follows a simple power law whose slope turns out to be proportional to $β$ and we propose an explanation based on the balance between cooling and heating through gravitational stress. Our explanation suggests that a more efficient cooling requires more heating implying a larger fraction of dense material which, in the absence of characteristic scales, results in a shallower scale-free power law. We propose that the gravitational cascade proceeds in two steps, first the formation of a dense filamentary spiral pattern through a sequence of quasi-static equilibrium triggered by the viscous transport of angular momentum, and second the collapse alongside these filaments that eventually results in the formation of bounded fragments.

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