通过氢气进行部门耦合，以降低能源系统脱碳的成本
Sector coupling via hydrogen to lower the cost of energy system decarbonization
摘要：
在由可变可再生能源（VRE）资源主导的未来电网中，对氢（H $_2$）用于长期能量存储的兴趣日益增长。将H $_2$的作用建模为电网规模的能量存储，通常称为“电力到天然气到电力（P2 G2 P）”，忽略了使用部署的H $_2$生产和存储资产来供应H $_2$以使直接电气化可能受到挑战的其他终端使用部门脱碳的成本分摊和排放效益。在这里，我们开发了一个通用的建模框架，用于共同优化能源基础设施的投资和运营，电力和H $_2$的电力和运输部门和供应链，同时占能源需求和供应的时空变化。将此部门耦合框架应用于美国东北部的一系列技术成本和碳价格的情况下，我们发现一个更大的价值电力到H $_2$（P2 G）与P2 G2 P路由。P2 G提供了灵活的需求响应，而P2 G2 P路由的额外成本和效率损失使得该解决方案对电网平衡的吸引力降低。部门耦合的影响是显著的，在增加容量和减少限电的情况下，VRE发电量增加了12-55%，并在96%脱碳情景下将总系统成本（或能源的平准成本）降低了6-14%。部门耦合的成本节约和排放减少都随着H $_2$对其他最终用途的需求而增加，对于96%脱碳情景，H $_2$需求增加四倍。此外，我们发现，碳捕获和储存的部署在H $_2$部门更具成本效益，因为成本较低，利用率较高。这些发现强调了在规划能源系统脱碳途径时使用具有多个能源载体的综合多部门能源系统框架的重要性。
英文摘要：
There is growing interest in hydrogen (H$_2$) use for long-duration energy storage in a future electric grid dominated by variable renewable energy (VRE) resources. Modelling the role of H$_2$ as grid-scale energy storage, often referred as "power-to-gas-to-power (P2G2P)" overlooks the cost-sharing and emission benefits from using the deployed H$_2$ production and storage assets to also supply H$_2$ for decarbonizing other end-use sectors where direct electrification may be challenged. Here, we develop a generalized modelling framework for co-optimizing energy infrastructure investment and operation across power and transportation sectors and the supply chains of electricity and H$_2$, while accounting for spatio-temporal variations in energy demand and supply. Applying this sector-coupling framework to the U.S. Northeast under a range of technology cost and carbon price scenarios, we find a greater value of power-to-H$_2$ (P2G) versus P2G2P routes. P2G provides flexible demand response, while the extra cost and efficiency penalties of P2G2P routes make the solution less attractive for grid balancing. The effects of sector-coupling are significant, boosting VRE generation by 12-55% with both increased capacities and reduced curtailments and reducing the total system cost (or levelized costs of energy) by 6-14% under 96% decarbonization scenarios. Both the cost savings and emission reductions from sector coupling increase with H$_2$ demand for other end-uses, more than doubling for a 96% decarbonization scenario as H$_2$ demand quadraples. Moreover, we found that the deployment of carbon capture and storage is more cost-effective in the H$_2$ sector because of the lower cost and higher utilization rate. These findings highlight the importance of using an integrated multi-sector energy system framework with multiple energy vectors in planning energy system decarbonization pathways.
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