Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Constraining the Gas Fraction of a Compact Quiescent Galaxy at z=1.883
Joyce N. Caliendo, Katherine E. Whitaker, Mohammad Akhshik, Grant Wilson, Christina C. Williams, Justin S. Spilker, Guillaume Mahler, Alexandra Pope, Keren Shar… 展开作者
Joyce N. Caliendo, Katherine E. Whitaker, Mohammad Akhshik, Grant Wilson, Christina C. Williams, Justin S. Spilker, Guillaume Mahler, Alexandra Pope, Keren Sharon, Emmaly Aguilar, Rachel Bezanson, Miguel Chavez Dagastino, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, Alfredo Montaña, Sune Toft, Miguel Velazquez De La Rosa, Milagros Zeballos
备注：
8 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters in January 2021 (in press)
We present constraints on the dust continuum flux and inferred gas content of a gravitationally lensed massive quiescent galaxy at $z$=1.883$\pm$0.001 using AzTEC 1.1mm imaging with the Large Millimeter Telescope. MRG-S0851 appears to be a prototypical massive compact quiescent galaxy, but has evidence that it experienced a centrally concentrated rejuvenation event in the last 100 Myr (see Akhshik et al. 2020). This galaxy is undetected in the AzTEC image but we calculate an upper limit on the millimeter flux and use this to estimate the H$_2$ mass limit via an empirically calibrated relation that assumes a constant molecular gas-to-dust ratio of 150. We constrain the 3$σ$ upper limit of the H$_2$ fraction from the dust continuum in MRG-S0851 to be ${M_{H_2}/M_{\star}}$ $\leq$ 6.8%. MRG-S0851 has a low gas fraction limit with a moderately low sSFR owing to the recent rejuvenation episode, which together results in a relatively short depletion time of $<$0.6 Gyr if no further H$_2$ gas is accreted. Empirical and analytical models both predict that we should have detected molecular gas in MRG-S0851, especially given the rejuvenation episode; this suggests that cold gas and/or dust is rapidly depleted in at least some early quiescent galaxies.
Three billion years after the big bang (at redshift z=2), half of the most massive galaxies were already old, quiescent systems with little to no residual star formation and extremely compact with stellar mass densities at least an order of magnitude larger than in low redshift ellipticals, their descendants. Little is known about how they formed, but their evolved, dense stellar populations suggest formation within intense, compact starbursts 1-2 Gyr earlier (at 3<z<6). Simulations show that gas-rich major mergers can give rise to such starbursts which produce dense remnants. Sub-millimeter s…
We use a model of an accretion flow coupled with an emergent flare to interpret the latest 1.3mm VLBI measurements for Sagittarius A*. The visibility data constrained the distances from the flare center to the black hole center as $d_{\rm EW}\lesssim20{\rm R_g}$ and $d_{\rm NS}\lesssim80{\rm R_g}$ in the East-West and North-South directions, respectively. If interpreted by the hot-spot model, the flare was preferred to pass in front of the black hole at a radius much larger than $d_{\rm EW}$. If interpreted by the episodic jet launched from a nearly edge-on hot accretion flow, the flare was pr…
Local samples of quiescent galaxies with dynamically measured black hole masses (Mbh) may suffer from an angular resolution-related selection effect, which could bias the observed scaling relations between Mbh and host galaxy properties away from the intrinsic relations. In particular, previous work has shown that the observed Mbh-Mstar (stellar mass) relation is more strongly biased than the Mbh-sigma (velocity dispersion) relation. Local samples of active galactic nuclei (AGN) do not suffer from this selection effect, as in these samples Mbh is estimated from megamasers and/or reverberation …
Single flux density measurements at observed-frame sub-millimeter and millimeter wavelengths are commonly used to probe dust and gas masses in galaxies. In this Letter, we explore the robustness of this method to infer dust mass, focusing on quiescent galaxies, using a series of controlled experiments on four massive haloes from the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) project. Our starting point is four star-forming, central galaxies at seven redshifts between z=1.5 and z=4.5. We generate modified quiescent galaxies that have been quenched for 100Myr, 500Myr, or 1Gyr prior to each of the…
The discovery in deep near-infrared surveys of a population of massive quiescent galaxies at $z>3$ has given rise to the question of how they came to be quenched so early in the history of the Universe. Measuring their molecular gas properties can distinguish between physical processes where they stop forming stars due to a lack of fuel versus those where star-formation efficiency is reduced and the gas is retained. We conducted Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) observations of four quiescent galaxies at $z=$ 3.5-4.0 found by the Fourstar Galaxy Evolution Survey (ZFOURGE) an…
We present spatially-resolved Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) 870 $μ$m dust continuum maps of six massive, compact, dusty star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at $z\sim2.5$. These galaxies are selected for their small rest-frame optical sizes ($r_{\rm e, F160W}\sim1.6$ kpc) and high stellar-mass densities that suggest that they are direct progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies at $z\sim2$. The deep observations yield high far-infrared (FIR) luminosities of L$_{\rm IR}=10^{12.3-12.8}$ L$_{\odot}$ and star formation rates (SFRs) of SFR$=200-700$ M$_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$, consistent w…
Some formation scenarios that have been put forward to explain multiple populations within Globular Clusters (GCs) require that the young massive cluster have large reservoirs of cold gas within them, which is necessary to form future generations of stars. In this paper we use deep observations taken with Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) to assess the amount of molecular gas within 3 young (50-200 Myr) massive (~10^6 Msun) clusters in the Antennae galaxies. No significant CO(3--2) emission was found associated with any of the three clusters. We place upper limits for the mo…
Constraining the star formation histories (SFHs) of individual galaxies is crucial to understanding the mechanisms that regulate their evolution. Here, we combine multi-wavelength (ultraviolet, optical, and infrared) measurements of a very large sample of galaxies (~230,000) at z<0.16, with physically motivated models of galaxy spectral energy distributions to extract constraints on galaxy physical parameters (such as stellar mass and star formation rate) as well as individual SFHs. In particular, we set constraints on the timescales in which galaxies form a certain percentage of their total s…
We study structural properties of spectroscopically confirmed massive quiescent galaxies at $z\approx 3$ with one of the first sizeable samples of such sources, made of ten $10.8<\log(M_{\star}/M_{\odot})<11.3$ galaxies at $2.4 < z < 3.2$ in the COSMOS field whose redshifts and quiescence are confirmed by HST grism spectroscopy. Although affected by a weak bias toward younger stellar populations, this sample is deemed to be largely representative of the majority of the most massive and thus intrinsically rarest quiescent sources at this cosmic time. We rely on targeted HST/WFC3 observations an…
We present new observations of MRG-M2129, a quiescent galaxy at z = 2.15 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). With the combination of the gravitational lensing effect by the foreground cluster and the angular resolution provided by ALMA, our data reveal 1.2 mm continuum emission at $\sim130$ pc angular resolution. Compact dust continuum is detected at 7.9 $σ$ in the target but displaced from its stellar peak position by $62 \pm 38$ mas, or $\sim169 \pm 105$ pc in the source plane. We find considerably high dust-to-stellar mass ratio, $4 \times 10^{-4}$. From non-detect…
Constraining properties of dust formed in Wolf-Rayet binary WR 112 using mid-infrared and millimeter observations
Yale University（耶鲁大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy（荷兰射电天文研究所）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Arkansas Tech University（阿肯色理工大学）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；Caltech（加州理工学院）；Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy（马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所）
Massive compact systems at 0.2<z<0.6 are the missing link between the predominantly compact population of massive quiescent galaxies at high redshift and their analogs and relics in the local volume. The evolution in number density of these extreme objects over cosmic time is the crucial constraining factor for the models of massive galaxy assembly. We select a large sample of ~200 intermediate-redshift massive compacts from the BOSS spectroscopic dataset by identifying point-like SDSS photometric sources with spectroscopic signatures of evolved redshifted galaxies. A subset of our targets hav…
Observations of cold molecular gas reservoirs are critical for understanding the shutdown of star formation in massive galaxies. While dust continuum is an efficient and affordable tracer, this method relies upon the assumption of a "normal" molecular-gas to dust mass ratio, $δ_{\mathrm{GDR}}$, typically of order one hundred. Recent null detections of quiescent galaxies in deep dust continuum observations support a picture where the cold gas and dust has been rapidly depleted or expelled. In this work, we present another viable explanation: a significant fraction of galaxies with low star form…
We aim at constraining the stellar population properties of quiescent galaxies. These properties reveal how these galaxies evolved and assembled since $z\sim1$ up to the present time. Combining the ALHAMBRA multi-filter photo-spectra with the SED-fitting code MUFFIT, we build a complete catalogue of quiescent galaxies via the dust-corrected stellar mass vs colour diagram. This catalogue includes stellar population properties, such as age, metallicity, extinction, stellar mass and photometric redshift, retrieved from the analysis of composited populations based on two independent sets of SSP mo…
Our aim is to determine the distribution of stellar population parameters (extinction, age, metallicity, and star formation rate) of quiescent galaxies within the rest-frame stellar mass$-$colour and $UVJ$ colour$-$colour diagrams corrected for extinction up to $z\sim1$. These novel diagrams reduce the contamination in samples of quiescent galaxies owing to dust-reddened galaxies, and they provide useful constraints on stellar population parameters. We set constraints on the stellar population parameters of quiescent galaxies combining the ALHAMBRA multi-filter photo-spectra with our SED-fitti…
Recent ALMA surveys of protoplanetary disks have shown that for most disks the extent of the gas emission is greater than the extent of the thermal emission of the millimeter-sized dust. Both line optical depth and the combined effect of radially dependent grain growth and radial drift may contribute to this observed effect. For a sample of 10 disks from the Lupus survey we investigate how well dust-based models without radial dust evolution reproduce the observed 12CO outer radius, and determine whether radial dust evolution is required to match the observed gas-dust size difference. We used …
Black hole mass of a quiescent galaxy hosting a Type 1 AGN at z=2.09: Implications for black hole - galaxy co-evolution and AGN quenching at high redshift
The identification of high-redshift massive galaxies with old stellar populations may pose challenges to some models of galaxy formation. However, to securely classify a galaxy as quiescent, it is necessary to exclude significant ongoing star formation, something that can be challenging to achieve at high redshift. In this letter, we analyse deep ALMA/870um and SCUBA-2/450um imaging of the claimed "post-starburst" galaxy ZF-20115 at z=3.717 that exhibits a strong Balmer break and absorption lines. The far-infrared imaging reveals a luminous starburst located 0.4+/-0.1 arcsec (~3kpc in projecti…
We characterized the kinematics, morphology, and stellar population (SP) properties of a sample of massive compact quiescent galaxies (MCGs, $10 \lesssim \log M_\star$/$M_\odot \lesssim 11$ and $r_{\rm e} \sim 1-3 $kpc) in the MaNGA Survey, with the goal of constraining their formation, assembly history and assessing their relation with non-compact quiescent galaxies. We compared their properties with those of a control sample of median-sized quiescent galaxies ($r_{\rm e} \sim 4-8 $kpc) with similar effective velocity dispersions. MCGs have elevated rotational support, as evidenced by a stron…
High-Resolution ALMA Imaging for a Gravitationally-lensed Quasar at $z=6.5$: Constraining the AGN Contribution to Galactic-Scale Dust Heating
University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学）；MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research（麻省理工学院卡弗里天体物理与空间研究所）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Newcastle University（纽卡斯尔大学）；Peking University（北京大学）
We present a high-resolution $1.5"$ observational study towards two massive dust-and-gas cores, ORI8nw\_2 and ORI2\_6 in Orion Molecular Cloud using the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA). In both regions the 3.2 mm continuum emission reveals a dense and compact dust core of 1 to 3 solar masses. The cores are estimated to have number densities more than $10^9$ cm$^{-3}$, which are among the highest volume density ever published for the star-forming cores. In both regions the ${\rm N_2H^+}$ shows multiple gas clumps which are spatially displaced from the dense gas …
We report the discovery of molecular gas streams orbiting around an invisible massive object in the central region of our Galaxy, based on the high-resolution molecular line observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The morphology and kinematics of these streams can be reproduced well through two Keplerian orbits around a single point mass of $(3.2 \pm 0.6)\times 10^4 \ M_\odot$. We also found ionized gas toward the inner part of the orbiting gas, indicating dissociative shock and/or photoionization. Our results provide new circumstantial evidences for a wander…
ALESS--JWST: Dust-driven Morphologies and Hidden Stellar Mass in $z\sim3$ Sub-millimeter Galaxies
International Center for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), The University of Western Australia（西澳大利亚大学国际射电天文研究中心）；International Space Center (ISC), The University of Western Australia（西澳大利亚大学国际太空中心）；Leiden Observatory, Leiden University（莱顿大学莱登天文台）；Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University（杜伦大学物理系河外天文中心）；European Space Agency (ESA), ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute（欧洲空间局（ESA）欧洲空间局办公室太空望远镜科学研究所）；Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学天文学与天体物理学研究学院）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）
Constraining Nuclear Molecular Gas Content with High-resolution CO Imaging of GOALS Galaxies
University of Toledo（托莱多大学）；National Radio Astronomy Observatory（美国国家射电天文台）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；University of California, Irvine（加州大学尔湾分校）；Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas USAC（危地马拉中美洲大学物理与数学研究研究所）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；Pomona College（波莫纳学院）；The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science（卡内基科学机构观测站）
We explore the relationship between gas and dust in massive star-forming regions by comparing physical properties derived from each. We compare the temperatures and column densities in a massive star-forming Infrared Dark Cloud (IRDC, G32.02+0.05), which shows a range of evolutionary states, from quiescent to active. The gas properties were derived using radiative transfer modeling of the (1,1), (2,2), and (4,4) transitions of NH3 on the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), while the dust temperatures and column densities were calculated using cirrus-subtracted, modified blackbody fits to He…
High-redshift ($z$) proto-clusters will serve as testing grounds to probe the gas supply furnishing the emerging metals, stars, and large-scale structures we see at the current epoch. This work focuses on the major role large radio/millimeter (mm) single dish facilities will have in constraining the bulk, cold (T $= 10^{1-4}$K) molecular and atomic gas content. To highlight the need for large radio/mm single dishes, we calculate how the high-sensitivity of the Green Bank Telescope's (GBT) unblocked 100m aperture provides vital interferometric short-spacing coverage to support higher-resolution…
The evolution and lifetimes of thermally pulsating asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) stars suffer from significant uncertainties. In this work, we analyze the numbers and luminosity functions of TP-AGB stars in six quiescent, low metallicity ([Fe/H] $\lesssim -0.86$) galaxies taken from the ANGST sample, using HST photometry in both optical and near-infrared filters. The galaxies contain over 1000 TP-AGB stars (at least 60 per field). We compare the observed TP-AGB luminosity functions and relative numbers of TP-AGB and RGB stars, to models generated from different suites of TP-AGB evolutionary…
Energetic feedback due to active galactic nuclei (AGN) is likely to play an important role in the observed anti-hierarchical trend in the evolution of galaxies, and yet the energy injected into the circumgalactic medium by this process is largely unknown. One promising approach to constrain this feedback is through measurements of CMB spectral distortions due to the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect, whose magnitude is directly proportional to the energy input by AGN. Here we co-add South Pole Telescope SZ (SPT-SZ) survey data around a large set of massive quiescent elliptical galaxies a…
A supermassive black hole has been found at the centre of nearly every galaxy observed with sufficient sensitivity. The masses of these black holes are observed to increase with either the total mass or the mean (random) velocity of the stars in their host galaxies. The origin of these correlations remains elusive. Observational systematics and biases severely limit our knowledge of the local demography of supermassive black holes thus preventing accurate model comparisons and progress in this field. Here we show that the large-scale spatial distribution of local active galactic nuclei (AGN), …
We present the ALMA view of 11 main-sequence DSFGs, (sub-)millimeter selected in the GOODS-S field, and spectroscopically confirmed to be at the peak of Cosmic SFH (z = 2-3). Our study combines the analysis of galaxy SED with ALMA continuum and CO spectral emission, by using ALMA Science Archive products at the highest spatial resolution currently available for our sample (< 1 arcsec). We include galaxy multi-band images and photometry (in the optical, radio and X-rays) to investigate the interlink between dusty, gaseous and stellar components and the eventual presence of AGN. We use multi-ban…
We present rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) and optical observations of the host galaxy of GRB090423 at z=8.23 from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) and the Spitzer Space Telescope, respectively. The host remains undetected to 3-sigma limits of Fnu(222 GHz)<33 microJy and Fnu(3.6 micron)<81 nJy. The FIR limit is about 20 times fainter than the luminosity of the local ULIRG Arp220, and comparable to the local starburst M82. Comparing to model spectral energy distributions we place a limit on the IR luminosity of L_IR(8-1000 micron)<3e10 Lsun, corresponding to a limit on the obscured star …
JWST Reveals a Candidate Supermassive Black Hole Binary at z=4.3 in the Brightest Sub-millimeter Galaxy in COSMOS-Web
The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；University of California Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）；University of Colorado, Boulder（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校）；NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）
Constraining the magnetic field strength of a flaring radio core in the compact steep spectrum source 3C 138
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute（韩国天体宇宙科学研究所）；University of Science and Technology, Korea（韩国科学技术院）；Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学天文系）；Joint ALMA Observatory（ALMA联合观测所）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；Department of Astronomy, School of Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)（高级研究院理学部天文学系）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）
In recent years evidence has been building that planet formation starts early, in the first $\sim$ 0.5 Myr. Studying the dust masses available in young disks enables understanding the origin of planetary systems since mature disks are lacking the solid material necessary to reproduce the observed exoplanetary systems, especially the massive ones. We aim to determine if disks in the embedded stage of star formation contain enough dust to explain the solid content of the most massive exoplanets. We use Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Band 6 observations of embedded disks in t…
Deep, pencil-beam surveys from ALMA at 1.1-1.3mm have uncovered an apparent absence of high-redshift dusty galaxies, with existing redshift distributions peaking around $z\sim1.5-2.5$. This has led to a perceived dearth of dusty systems at $z>4$, and the conclusion, according to some models, that the early Universe was relatively dust-poor. In this paper, we extend the backward evolution galaxy model described by Casey et al. (2018) to the ALMA regime (in depth and area) and determine that the measured number counts and redshift distributions from ALMA deep field surveys are fully consistent w…
