用全动量空间密度研究三维光晶格中玻色子的低熵Mott跃迁
Studying the low-entropy Mott transition of bosons in a three-dimensional optical lattice by measuring the full momentum-space density
摘要：
我们报告的实验和理论研究相结合的低熵Mott过渡的相互作用玻色子被困在一个三维（3D）的立方晶格-即相互作用引起的超流到正常的相变附近的零温度Mott过渡。我们的分析依赖于三维动量分布的测量，这使我们能够提取布里渊区中心的动量空间密度$ρ({\bf k}={\bf 0})$。当改变超流跃迁中相互作用$U$和隧穿能$J$之间的比值时，我们观察到$ρ({\bf k}={\bf 0})$在$U/J$处表现出与量子蒙特卡罗体预测一致的急剧跃迁。此外，$ρ({\bf k}={\bf 0})$与$U/J$的变化表现出与预期的3D XY普适性类别一致的临界行为。我们的结果表明，即使在非均匀囚禁系统中，超冷玻色子动量分布的层析重建也能揭示超流相变的临界行为特征。
英文摘要：
We report on a combined experimental and theoretical study of the low-entropy Mott transition for interacting bosons trapped in a three-dimensional (3D) cubic lattice -- namely, the interaction-induced superfluid-to-normal phase transition in the vicinity of the zero-temperature Mott transition. Our analysis relies on the measurement of the 3D momentum distribution, which allows us to extract the momentum-space density $ρ({\bf k}={\bf 0})$ at the center of the Brillouin zone. Upon varying the ratio between the interaction $U$ and the tunnelling energy $J$ across the superfluid transition, we observe that $ρ({\bf k}={\bf 0})$ exhibits a sharp transition at a value of $U/J$ consistent with the bulk prediction from quantum Monte Carlo. In addition, the variation of $ρ({\bf k}={\bf 0})$ with $U/J$ exhibits a critical behavior consistent with the expected 3D XY universality class. Our results show that the tomographic reconstruction of the momentum distribution of ultracold bosons can reveal traits of the critical behavior of the superfluid transition even in an inhomogeneous trapped system.
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