Much of our understanding of the state of coronal plasmas comes from observations that are optically thin. This means that light travels freely through the corona without being materially affected by it, which allows it to be easily seen through, but also results in a line-of-sight degeneracy which has previously thwarted attempts to recover the three-dimensional structure of the coronal plasma. However, although the corona is disorganized in the line-of-sight direction, it is highly organized in the field-aligned direction. This paper demonstrates how to exploit this organization to resolve the line-of-sight degeneracy in the plasma properties using a suitable magnetic field structure. A preliminary investigation with a potential field is shown, finding a solution which clearly resembles the real solar data, even with a single perspective. The results indicate that there is ample information in the resulting residuals that can be used to refine the magnetic field structure, allowing, for the first time, the optically thin plasma observations to speak directly to the magnetic field extrapolations.
Magnetic flux ropes are bundles of twisted magnetic field enveloping a central axis. They harbor free magnetic energy and can be progenitors of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), but identifying flux ropes on the Sun can be challenging. One of the key coronal observables that has been shown to indicate the presence of a flux rope is a peculiar bright coronal structure called a sigmoid. In this work, we show Hinode EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) observations of sigmoidal active region 10977. We analyze the coronal plasma composition in the active region and its evolution as the sigmoid (flux rope) …
An inverted U burst with equally developed ascending and descending branches observed by Giant Ukrainian Radio Telescope (GURT) on 18 April 2017 in meter wavelengths band is discussed. This U burst was attributed to the high coronal loop above the limb active region NOAA 12651. Under the assumption that, associated with the burst, the coronal loop confines isothermal plasma stratified according to a Boltzmann density relation, the geometrical and physical parameters of the loop were estimated. According to our model coronal loops may contain plasma which is up to 20 times denser than the surro…
Physical Conditions of Coronal Plasma at the transit of a Shock driven by a Coronal Mass Ejection
本文报道了利用白光日冕图像和射电动力学谱确定由日冕物质抛射驱动的冲击波的等离子体物理参数。这里分析的事件是发生在2011年6月7日的壮观爆发，一个快速的CME，随后是色球等离子体柱的喷射，其中一部分落回太阳表面，与M2.5耀斑和II型射电爆发有关。SOHO/LASCO日冕仪（C2和C3）获得的图像被用来跟踪日冕中2-12 R $_\odot$之间的日冕物质抛射驱动的激波，角度间隔约为110 $^\circ$。在这些时间间隔，我们推导出2维（2D）的电子密度，冲击波速度和冲击压缩比的地图，我们测量的冲击倾斜角相对于径向方向。在合理的假设下，这些量被用来推断激波马赫数$M_\text{A}$和激波高度处日冕磁场强度的二维图。我们发现，在早期阶段（2-4 R $_\odot$），整个激波面是超阿尔夫文型的，而在以后（即更高的位置），它只在头部变成超阿尔夫文型的。这与观测到的II型爆发源的位置一致，这是从RDS结合来自WL的冲击运动学和日冕密度推断的。第一次，一个日冕冲击是用来获得一个2D地图的日冕磁场强度超过10 R $_\odot$高度和$\sim 110^\circ$纬度间隔。
The hot solar corona exists because of the balance between radiative and conductive cooling and some counteracting heating mechanism which remains one of the major puzzles in solar physics. The coronal thermal equilibrium is perturbed by magnetoacoustic waves which are abundantly present in the corona, causing a misbalance between the heating and cooling rates. Due to this misbalance, the wave experiences a back-reaction, either losing or gaining energy from the energy supply that heats the plasma, at the time scales comparable to the wave period. In particular, the plasma can be subject to wa…
Multi-channel Observations of Plasma Outflows and the Associated Small-Scale Magnetic Field Cacellations on the Edges of an Active Region
利用SDO/AIA仪器，在活动区边界上沿两个不同的日冕开口环观测到连续和间歇的等离子体流出。%，速度为30 $\sim$ 200 km s $^{-1}$。通过对HMI/SDO时间序列磁图的研究发现，小尺度磁重联可能在冕环等离子体外流的产生中起着重要作用。结果表明，等离子体外流的起源与混合极性的小尺度磁场的位置相吻合，说明等离子体沿冕环的外流可能是小尺度闭合冕环与大尺度开放活动区冕环之间的磁重联的结果。
Exploring Plasma Heating in the Current Sheet Region in a Three-Dimensional Coronal Mass Ejection Simulation
我们模拟了一个日冕物质抛射（CME）使用三维磁流体动力学（MHD）代码，包括日冕加热，热传导，辐射冷却的能量方程。在1 R $_s$的磁通量分布是由一个局部的地下偶极子叠加在一个全球偶极子场，模仿全球日冕内的活动区域的存在。在极性反转线附近施加横向电场，以引入横向磁场，然后施加会聚流，以形成和破坏通量绳，从而产生喷发。我们研究负责等离子体加热和冷却的喷发过程中，包括热传导，辐射，绝热效应，日冕加热，欧姆加热的量。我们发现，欧姆加热是一个重要的贡献者热温度在当前片区域的早期爆发，但在后期阶段绝热压缩起着重要的作用，在加热等离子体。在整个重联过程中，热传导在将热能从电流片区域传输出去方面也起着重要作用，产生"热晕“并扩大高温区域。我们模拟发射从太阳望远镜为这次喷发，并发现有证据表明，从上面的耀斑环晚在喷发，绝热加热是占主导地位的加热项加热等离子体发射。这些结果提供了一个解释热超拱廊等离子体片，经常观察到的X射线和极紫外波长在大耀斑的衰变阶段。
Coronal Non-Thermal and Doppler Plasma Flows Driven by Photospheric Flux in 28 Active Regions
University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory（伦敦大学学院，穆拉德空间科学实验室）；University of Vienna, Institute of Astrophysics（维也纳大学，天体物理研究所）；Computational Physics, Inc.（计算物理公司）；Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory（海军研究实验室空间科学部）；NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar Physics Laboratory, Heliophysics Science Division（美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心，太阳物理学实验室，日球物理科学部）；Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University（诺森比亚大学数学、物理与电气工程系）；INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）
Stellar flares are characterized by sudden enhancement of electromagnetic radiation from the atmospheres of stars. Compared to their solar counterparts, our knowledge on the coronal plasma dynamics of stellar flares and their connection to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) remains very limited. With time-resolved high-resolution spectroscopic observations from the \textit{Chandra} X-ray observatory, we detected noticeable coronal plasma flows during several stellar flares on a nearby dMe star EV Lac. In the observed spectra of O~{\sc{viii}} (3 MK), Fe~{\sc{xvii}} (6 MK), Mg~{\sc{xii}} (10 MK), and…
Coronal mass ejection spray plasma associated with the M1.5-class flare of 16 February 2011 is found to exhibit a Doppler blue-shift of 850 km/s - the largest value yet reported from ultraviolet (UV) or extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy of the solar disk and inner corona. The observation is unusual in that the emission line (Fe XII 193.51 A) is not observed directly, but the Doppler shift is so large that the blue-shifted component appears in a wavelength window at 192.82 A, intended to observe lines of O V, Fe XI and Ca XVII. The Fe XII 195.12 A emission line is used as a proxy for the r…
Three-dimensional mapping of coronal magnetic field and plasma parameters in a solar flare
Institut für Sonnenphysik (KIS)（太阳物理研究所）；Center For Solar-Terrestrial Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology（新泽西理工学院太阳-地球关系研究中心）；University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory（伦敦大学学院穆拉德太空科学实验室）
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are a prominent contributor to solar system space weather and might have impacted the Sun's early angular momentum evolution. A signal diagnostic of CMEs on the Sun is coronal dimming: a drop in coronal emission, tied to the mass of the CME, that is the direct result of removing emitting plasma from the corona. We present the results of a coronal dimming analysis of Fe XII 1349 A and Fe XXI 1354 A emission from $ε$ Eridani ($ε$ Eri), a young K2 dwarf, with archival far-ultraviolet observations by the Hubble Space Telescope's Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. Following …
Context: In this paper we present a validation scheme to investigate the quality of coronal magnetic field models, which is based upon comparisons with observational data from multiple sources. Aims: Many of these coronal models may use a range of initial parameters that produce a large number of physically reasonable field configurations. However, that does not mean that these results are reliable and comply with the observations. With an appropriate validation scheme the quality of a coronal model can be assessed. Methods: The validation scheme is developed on the example of the EUropean Hel…
Coronal loops, seen in solar coronal images, are believed to represent emission from magnetic flux tubes with compact cross-sections. We examine the 3D structure of plasma above an active region in a radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulation to locate volume counterparts for coronal loops. In many cases, a loop cannot be linked to an individual thin strand in the volume. While many thin loops are present in the synthetic images, the bright structures in the volume are fewer, and of complex shape. We demonstrate that this complexity can form impressions of thin bright loops, even in the absence …
On Formation Of A Shock Wave In Front Of A Coronal Mass Ejection With Velocity Exceeding The Critical One
新的研究证实了[M]中的结论。Eselevich，and V. Eselevich，2008];根据该理论，在日冕物质抛射前，存在一个沿CME传播方向扩展的扰动区，其速度$u$相对于周围日冕等离子体低于临界$u_C$。扰动区的时间差亮度（等离子体密度）在CME前向更远的距离平滑地减小。在扰动区的前部，在高于$u_C$的u处形成激波，表现为亮度差径向分布的不连续性。
In this study, we investigate the spatial distribution of highly varying plasma composition around one of the largest sunspots of solar cycle 24. Observations of the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona are brought together with magnetic field modelling of the sunspot in order to probe the conditions which regulate the degree of plasma fractionation within loop populations of differing connectivities. We find that in the coronal magnetic field above the sunspot umbra, the plasma has photospheric composition. Coronal loops rooted in the penumbra contain fractionated plasma, with the highest le…
