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arXiv 2102.12822cs.DScs.CC
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方正图的索引算法及其复杂性

Algorithms and Complexity on Indexing Founder Graphs

Massimo Equi, Tuukka Norri, Jarno Alanko, Bastien Cazaux, Alexandru I. Tomescu, Veli Mäkinen

摘要:

研究了标号图中字符串的匹配问题。以前的研究表明,除非正交向量假设(OVH)是假的,否则无法在强次二次时间内解决这个问题,也无法在多项式时间内索引图以有效地回答查询(Equi et al. ICALP 2019,SOFSEM 2021)。这些条件下界甚至覆盖具有二进制字母表的确定性图,但是自然也存在易于索引的图类:例如Wheeler图(Gagie et al. Theor.比较科学2017)覆盖图承认基于Burrows-Wheeler变换的索引方案。然而,识别一个图是否是Wheeler图是NP完全的(Gibney,Escherachan,ESA 2019)。我们提出了一种方法来缓解惠勒图的建设瓶颈。而不是从一个任意的图开始,我们研究从多序列比对(MSA)引起的图形。弹性退化弦(Bernadini et al. SPIRE 2017,ICALP 2019)可以被看作是这样的图,我们在这里介绍它们的推广:弹性创始人图。我们首先证明,即使是这样的诱导图是很难索引下OVH。然后,我们介绍了两个子类,重复自由和半重复自由图,这是很容易索引。我们给出了一个线性时间算法来构造一个无重复的非弹性创始人图从一个无间隙的MSA,和(参数化)近线性时间算法来构造半无重复(无重复,分别)弹性创始人图从一般MSA。最后,我们证明了无重复弹性创始人图承认减少惠勒图在多项式时间。

英文摘要:

We study the problem of matching a string in a labeled graph. Previous research has shown that unless the Orthogonal Vectors Hypothesis (OVH) is false, one cannot solve this problem in strongly sub-quadratic time, nor index the graph in polynomial time to answer queries efficiently (Equi et al. ICALP 2019, SOFSEM 2021). These conditional lower-bounds cover even deterministic graphs with binary alphabet, but there naturally exist also graph classes that are easy to index: E.g. Wheeler graphs (Gagie et al. Theor. Comp. Sci. 2017) cover graphs admitting a Burrows-Wheeler transform -based indexing scheme. However, it is NP-complete to recognize if a graph is a Wheeler graph (Gibney, Thankachan, ESA 2019). We propose an approach to alleviate the construction bottleneck of Wheeler graphs. Rather than starting from an arbitrary graph, we study graphs induced from multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). Elastic degenerate strings (Bernadini et al. SPIRE 2017, ICALP 2019) can be seen as such graphs, and we introduce here their generalization: elastic founder graphs. We first prove that even such induced graphs are hard to index under OVH. Then we introduce two subclasses, repeat-free and semi-repeat-free graphs, that are easy to index. We give a linear time algorithm to construct a repeat-free non-elastic founder graph from a gapless MSA, and (parameterized) near-linear time algorithms to construct semi-repeat-free (repeat-free, respectively) elastic founder graphs from general MSAs. Finally, we show that repeat-free elastic founder graphs admit a reduction to Wheeler graphs in polynomial time.

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