弛豫不对称：加热比冷却快
Toward relaxation asymmetry: Heating is faster than cooling
摘要：
在接近稳定最小值的Langevin系统中，已经发现了朝向平衡的热弛豫的不对称性[Phys.Rev.Lett. 125，110602（2020）]。已经表明，给定相同程度的初始分布的非平衡，从较低温度状态（加热）的弛豫比从较高温度状态（冷却）的弛豫快。在这项研究中，我们阐明这种松弛不对称的离散状态马尔可夫系统所描述的主方程。我们严格地证明了加热是比冷却任意两个状态的系统，而系统具有两个以上的不同的能级，弛豫不对称性不再是普遍的。此外，对于能级退化为两个能级的系统，我们发现存在能隙的临界阈值。根据能隙的大小，加热可以比冷却快或慢，而不管状态之间的跃迁速率。我们的研究结果澄清了离散状态系统的弛豫不对称性，并揭示了热弛豫固有的几个隐藏的功能。
英文摘要：
An asymmetry in thermal relaxation toward equilibrium has been uncovered for Langevin systems near stable minima [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 110602 (2020)]. It has been shown that, given the same degree of nonequilibrium of the initial distributions, relaxation from a lower temperature state (heating) is faster than that from a higher temperature state (cooling). In this study, we elucidate this relaxation asymmetry for discrete-state Markovian systems described by the master equation. We rigorously prove that heating is faster than cooling for arbitrary two-state systems, whereas for systems with more than two distinct energy levels, the relaxation asymmetry is no longer universal. Furthermore, for systems whose energy levels degenerate into two energy states, we find that there exist critical thresholds of the energy gap. Depending on the magnitude of the energy gap, heating can be faster or slower than cooling, irrespective of the transition rates between states. Our results clarify the relaxation asymmetry for discrete-state systems and reveal several hidden features inherent in thermal relaxation.
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