In preparation for photometric classification of transients from the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) we run tests with different training data sets. Using estimates of the depth to which the 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (4MOST) Time Domain Extragalactic Survey (TiDES) can classify transients, we simulate a magnitude-limited sample reaching $r_{\textrm{AB}} \approx$ 22.5 mag. We run our simulations with the software snmachine, a photometric classification pipeline using machine learning. The machine-learning algorithms struggle to classify supernovae when the training sample is magnitude-limited, in contrast to representative training samples. Classification performance noticeably improves when we combine the magnitude-limited training sample with a simulated realistic sample of faint, high-redshift supernovae observed from larger spectroscopic facilities; the algorithms' range of average area under ROC curve (AUC) scores over 10 runs increases from 0.547-0.628 to 0.946-0.969 and purity of the classified sample reaches 95 per cent in all runs for 2 of the 4 algorithms. By creating new, artificial light curves using the augmentation software avocado, we achieve a purity in our classified sample of 95 per cent in all 10 runs performed for all machine-learning algorithms considered. We also reach a highest average AUC score of 0.986 with the artificial neural network algorithm. Having `true' faint supernovae to complement our magnitude-limited sample is a crucial requirement in optimisation of a 4MOST spectroscopic sample. However, our results are a proof of concept that augmentation is also necessary to achieve the best classification results.
Photometric Data-driven Classification of Type Ia Supernovae in the Open Supernova Catalog
National Research University Higher School of Economics(国家研究型高等经济学院);Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University(罗蒙诺索夫莫斯科国立大学斯特恩伯格天文研究所);University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign(伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校)
First Cosmology Results Using Type Ia Supernovae From the Dark Energy Survey: Photometric Pipeline and Light Curve Data Release
本文给出了暗能量巡天超新星计划(DES-SN)前3年光谱分类样本中251颗Ia型超新星(SNe Ia)的格里兹光变曲线。本文中描述的光度管道通过采用场景建模方法产生宇宙学参数分析中使用的校准通量和相关不确定性(Brout et al. 2018-ESTA,DES Collaboration et al. 2018),该方法同时对可变瞬态通量和时间恒定的宿主星系进行前向建模。我们将人工点源注入DECam图像,以测试我们的光度测量方法的准确性。比较输入和测量的人造超新星通量,我们发现通量偏差峰值在3毫等。我们需要校正我们的光度不确定性作为宿主星系表面亮度在瞬态位置的函数,类似于DES差异成像管道用来发现瞬态。光变曲线的公开发布可以在https://des.ncsa.illinois.edu/releases/sn上找到。
The Dark Energy Survey 5-year photometrically identified Type Ia Supernovae
在暗能量巡天(DES)中,作为使用Ia型超新星(SN Ia)进行宇宙学分析的一部分,我们使用多波段光变曲线和宿主星系红移来呈现光度学识别的SN Ia样本。为了进行这种分析,我们使用了光度分类框架SuperNNova(SNN; Möller et al. 2019),该框架在逼真的DES模拟上进行了训练。为了可靠的分类,我们处理DES SN程序(DES-SN)数据,并对分类器架构进行改进,在模拟中获得了98%以上的分类精度。这是第一个使用集成方法的SN分类,从而产生更强大的样本。利用测光、主星系红移和分类概率要求,我们识别出1,863个Ia型超新星,并从中选出1,484个宇宙学级的Ia型超新星,其红移范围为0.07 < z < 1.14。我们发现光度选择的样品和模拟的光变曲线特性之间有很好的一致性。此外,我们使用两种类型的贝叶斯神经网络分类器,提供分类概率的不确定性,创建类似的SN Ia样本。我们测试的可行性,使用这些不确定性作为指标的分布的候选人和模型的信心。最后,我们讨论了光度样本和分类方法的影响,为未来的调查,如维拉C。Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time(鲁宾天文台时空遗产巡天)
BayeSN $\times$ Dovekie: Joint Photometric Cross-calibration and SED Modelling of Type Ia Supernovae
Institute of Astronomy and Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学天体物理研究所与卡弗里宇宙学研究所);School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton(南安普顿大学物理与天文学院)
Photometric classification of supernovae detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility using noise augmentation
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin(柏林洪堡大学);Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron(德国电子同步辐射加速器中心);Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP)(波茨坦阿基米德天体物理研究所);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);University of Washington(华盛顿大学);Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin(都柏林三一学院);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院);National Central University(中央大学);Lancaster University(兰卡斯特大学);Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC)(空间科学研究所);Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)(加泰罗尼亚空间研究院)
Deep Recurrent Neural Networks for Supernovae Classification
University of Nottingham(诺丁汉大学)
我们应用能够学习复杂序列信息的深度循环神经网络对超新星\footnote{Code available at \href{https://github.com/adammoss/supernovae}{https://github.com/adammoss/supernovae}}进行分类。观测时间和过滤通量被用作网络的输入,但由于输入是不可知的,因此也可以包括其他数据,如宿主星系信息。使用超新星光度分类挑战(SPCC)数据,我们发现深度网络能够学习光变曲线,但是网络的性能对训练数据量高度敏感。对于50%的代表性SPCC数据集(围绕$10^4$超新星)的训练大小,我们获得了94.7%的Ia型与非Ia型分类准确度,0.986的受试者操作特征曲线AUC下的面积和SPCC品质因数$F_1=0.64$。当仅使用由SPCC定义的早期挑战的数据时,我们实现了93.1\%的分类准确度,0.977的AUC和$F_1=0.58$,结果几乎与整个光变曲线一样好。采用双向神经网络对超新星I、II、III型进行分类,分类精度为90.4%,AUC为0.974。我们还应用了一个预先训练的模型来获得分类概率作为时间的函数,并表明它可以给出超新星类型的早期指示。我们的方法是有竞争力的,与现有的算法,并为未来的大规模测光调查的应用。
NOMAI : A real-time photometric classifier for superluminous supernovae identification. A science module for the Fink broker
Stockholm University(斯德哥尔摩大学);Université Paris-Saclay(巴黎萨克雷大学);Weizmann Institute of Science(魏茨曼科学研究所);National Centre for Nuclear Research(国家核研究中心);Liverpool John Moores University(利物浦约翰摩尔大学);National Central University(中央大学);University of Washington(华盛顿大学);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院)
CIGaRS I: Combined simulation-based inference from type Ia supernovae and host photometry
Theoretical and Scientific Data Science, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy(1 理论与科学数据科学,国际先进研究学院(SISSA),意大利特里este);Institute of Cosmos Sciences (ICC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain(2 大学巴塞罗那宇宙科学研究所(ICC),西班牙巴塞罗那);Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK(3 物理系,伦敦帝国理工学院,英国伦敦);Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe (IFPU), Trieste, Italy(4 宇宙基本物理研究所(IFPU),意大利特里este);Italian Research Center on High-Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC), Casalecchio di Reno, Italy(5 意大利高性能计算、大数据和量子计算研究中心(ICSC),意大利Casalecchio di Reno);Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain(6 哥伦布研究与高级研究机构(ICREA),西班牙巴塞罗那)