Periocular biometric, the peripheral area of the ocular, is a collaborative alternative to the face, especially when the face is occluded or masked. However, in practice, sole periocular biometric capture the least salient facial features, thereby lacking discriminative information, particularly in wild environments. To address these problems, we transfer discriminatory information from the face to support the training of a periocular network by using knowledge distillation. Specifically, we leverage face images for periocular embedding learning, but periocular alone is utilized for identity identification or verification. To enhance periocular embeddings by face effectively, we proposeConsistent Knowledge Distillation (CKD) that imposes consistency between face and periocular networks across prediction and feature layers. We find that imposing consistency at the prediction layer enables (1) extraction of global discriminative relationship information from face images and (2) effective transfer of the information from the face network to the periocular network. Particularly, consistency regularizes the prediction units to extract and store profound inter-class relationship information of face images. (3) The feature layer consistency, on the other hand, makes the periocular features robust against identity-irrelevant attributes. Overall, CKD empowers the sole periocular network to produce robust discriminative embeddings for periocular recognition in the wild. We theoretically and empirically validate the core principles of the distillation mechanism in CKD, discovering that CKD is equivalent to label smoothing with a novel sparsity-oriented regularizer that helps the network prediction to capture the global discriminative relationship. Extensive experiments reveal that CKD achieves state-of-the-art results on standard periocular recognition benchmark datasets.
A practical eye authentication (EA) system targeted for edge devices needs to perform authentication and be robust to presentation attacks, all while remaining compute and latency efficient. However, existing eye-based frameworks a) perform authentication and Presentation Attack Detection (PAD) independently and b) involve significant pre-processing steps to extract the iris region. Here, we introduce a joint framework for EA and PAD using periocular images. While a deep Multitask Learning (MTL) network can perform both the tasks, MTL suffers from the forgetting effect since the training datas…
School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Sweden（信息科技学院，哈姆斯塔德大学，瑞典）；Computer Graphics and Vision and AI Group, University of Balearic Islands, Spain（计算机图形学与视觉与人工智能小组，巴利阿里群岛大学，西班牙）
We focus on ocular biometrics, specifically the periocular region (the area around the eye), which offers high discrimination and minimal acquisition constraints. We evaluate three Convolutional Neural Network architectures of varying depth and complexity to assess their effectiveness for periocular recognition. The networks are trained on 1,907,572 ocular crops extracted from the large-scale VGGFace2 database. This significantly contrasts with existing works, which typically rely on small-scale periocular datasets for training having only a few thousand images. Experiments are conducted with …
Halmstad University（哈尔姆斯塔德大学）；Norwegian University of Science and Technology（挪威科技大学）；Universidad Autonoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学）
The massive availability of cameras results in a wide variability of imaging conditions, producing large intra-class variations and a significant performance drop if heterogeneous images are compared for person recognition. However, as biometrics is deployed, it is common to replace damaged or obsolete hardware, or to exchange information between heterogeneous applications. Variations in spectral bands can also occur. For example, surveillance face images (typically acquired in the visible spectrum, VIS) may need to be compared against a legacy iris database (typically acquired in near-infrare…
Ocular biometric systems working in unconstrained environments usually face the problem of small within-class compactness caused by the multiple factors that jointly degrade the quality of the obtained data. In this work, we propose an attribute normalization strategy based on deep learning generative frameworks, that reduces the variability of the samples used in pairwise comparisons, without reducing their discriminability. The proposed method can be seen as a preprocessing step that contributes for data regularization and improves the recognition accuracy, being fully agnostic to the recogn…
Attention-Aware Transformer-Based Aggregation Network for Video Periocular Recognition
Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil（巴西米纳斯吉拉斯联邦大学计算机科学系）；Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil（巴西巴西南部联邦大学信息技术系）
The performance of face recognition systems can be negatively impacted in the presence of masks and other types of facial coverings that have become prevalent due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In such cases, the periocular region of the human face becomes an important biometric cue. In this article, we present a detailed review of periocular biometrics. We first examine the various face and periocular techniques specially designed to recognize humans wearing a face mask. Then, we review different aspects of periocular biometrics: (a) the anatomical cues present in the periocular region useful for …
This paper presents a novel face and periocular biometric fusion at feature level using canonical correlation analysis. Face recognition itself has limitations such as illumination, pose, expression, occlusion etc. Also, periocular biometrics has spectacles, head angle, hair and expression as its limitations. Unimodal biometrics cannot surmount all these limitations. The recognition accuracy can be increased by fusing dual information (face and periocular) from a single source (face image) using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). This work also proposes a new wavelet decomposed local binary…
Periocular refers to the facial region in the vicinity of the eye, including eyelids, lashes and eyebrows. While face and irises have been extensively studied, the periocular region has emerged as a promising trait for unconstrained biometrics, following demands for increased robustness of face or iris systems. With a surprisingly high discrimination ability, this region can be easily obtained with existing setups for face and iris, and the requirement of user cooperation can be relaxed, thus facilitating the interaction with biometric systems. It is also available over a wide range of distanc…
School of Computing（计算机学院）；Wichita State University（威奇托州立大学）
A number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) models for ocular-based user recognition in mobile devices. However, these high-performing networks have enormous space and computational complexity due to the millions of parameters and computations involved. These requirements make the deployment of deep learning models to resource-constrained mobile devices challenging. To this end, only a handful of studies based on knowledge distillation and patch-based models have been proposed to obtain compact size CNN models for ocular recognition in…
Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar（布巴内斯瓦尔印度理工学院）；Keele University（基尔大学）
Among many biometrics such as face, iris, fingerprint and others, periocular region has the advantages over other biometrics because it is non-intrusive and serves as a balance between iris or eye region (very stringent, small area) and the whole face region (very relaxed large area). Research have shown that this is the region which does not get affected much because of various poses, aging, expression, facial changes and other artifacts, which otherwise would change to a large variation. Active research has been carried out on this topic since past few years due to its obvious advantages ove…
YITU Technology（依图科技）；Northeastern University of China（中国东北大学）
Knowledge Distillation (KD) refers to transferring knowledge from a large model to a smaller one, which is widely used to enhance model performance in machine learning. It tries to align embedding spaces generated from the teacher and the student model (i.e. to make images corresponding to the same semantics share the same embedding across different models). In this work, we focus on its application in face recognition. We observe that existing knowledge distillation models optimize the proxy tasks that force the student to mimic the teacher's behavior, instead of directly optimizing the face …
This paper investigates the feasibility of using the periocular region for expression recognition. Most works have tried to solve this by analyzing the whole face. Periocular is the facial region in the immediate vicinity of the eye. It has the advantage of being available over a wide range of distances and under partial face occlusion, thus making it suitable for unconstrained or uncooperative scenarios. We evaluate five different image descriptors on a dataset of 1,574 images from 118 subjects. The experimental results show an average/overall accuracy of 67.0%/78.0% by fusion of several desc…
Beijing Orion Star Technology Co., Ltd.（北京猎户星空科技有限公司）
Knowledge distillation is a potential solution for model compression. The idea is to make a small student network imitate the target of a large teacher network, then the student network can be competitive to the teacher one. Most previous studies focus on model distillation in the classification task, where they propose different architects and initializations for the student network. However, only the classification task is not enough, and other related tasks such as regression and retrieval are barely considered. To solve the problem, in this paper, we take face recognition as a breaking poi…
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)（光州科学技术院）
Deep learning has achieved outstanding performance for face recognition benchmarks, but performance reduces significantly for low resolution (LR) images. We propose an attention similarity knowledge distillation approach, which transfers attention maps obtained from a high resolution (HR) network as a teacher into an LR network as a student to boost LR recognition performance. Inspired by humans being able to approximate an object's region from an LR image based on prior knowledge obtained from HR images, we designed the knowledge distillation loss using the cosine similarity to make the stude…
Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Univ. of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；NIST（美国国家标准与技术研究院）
Face recognition networks generally demonstrate bias with respect to sensitive attributes like gender, skintone etc. For gender and skintone, we observe that the regions of the face that a network attends to vary by the category of an attribute. This might contribute to bias. Building on this intuition, we propose a novel distillation-based approach called Distill and De-bias (D&D) to enforce a network to attend to similar face regions, irrespective of the attribute category. In D&D, we train a teacher network on images from one category of an attribute; e.g. light skintone. Then distilling in…
Dual Teacher Knowledge Distillation with Domain Alignment for Face Anti-spoofing
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Tencent YouTu Lab（腾讯优图实验室）；Nanjing University（南京大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）
Synthetic Data Generation for Emotional Depth Faces: Optimizing Conditional DCGANs via Genetic Algorithms in the Latent Space and Stabilizing Training with Knowledge Distillation
Cyrus Intelligence Research Ltd（居鲁士智能研究有限公司）；Pars AI
Expasoft（Expasoft公司）；Institute of Automation and Electrometry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚分院自动化与电测研究所）
The usage of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in conjunction with a margin-based softmax approach demonstrates a state-of-the-art performance for the face recognition problem. Recently, lightweight neural network models trained with the margin-based softmax have been introduced for the face identification task for edge devices. In this paper, we propose a novel distillation method for lightweight neural network architectures that outperforms other known methods for the face recognition task on LFW, AgeDB-30 and Megaface datasets. The idea of the proposed method is to use class centers from…
Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；National University of Defense Technology（中国人民解放军国防科技大学）；Pensees Pte Ltd（Pensees私人有限公司）；University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）
Recent deep learning based face recognition methods have achieved great performance, but it still remains challenging to recognize very low-resolution query face like 28x28 pixels when CCTV camera is far from the captured subject. Such face with very low-resolution is totally out of detail information of the face identity compared to normal resolution in a gallery and hard to find corresponding faces therein. To this end, we propose a Resolution Invariant Model (RIM) for addressing such cross-resolution face recognition problems, with three distinct novelties. First, RIM is a novel and unified…
Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD（弗劳恩霍夫计算机图形研究所）；TU Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）
The emergence of the global COVID-19 pandemic poses new challenges for biometrics. Not only are contactless biometric identification options becoming more important, but face recognition has also recently been confronted with the frequent wearing of masks. These masks affect the performance of previous face recognition systems, as they hide important identity information. In this paper, we propose a mask-invariant face recognition solution (MaskInv) that utilizes template-level knowledge distillation within a training paradigm that aims at producing embeddings of masked faces that are similar …
How Knowledge Distillation Mitigates the Synthetic Gap in Fair Face Recognition
INESC TEC；Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto（波尔图大学工程学院）；Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor（马里博尔大学电气工程与计算机科学学院）
Grouped Knowledge Distillation for Deep Face Recognition
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）；School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学人工智能学院）；Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院香港创新研究院人工智能与机器人中心）
Knowledge distillation (KD) is a widely-used technique that utilizes large networks to improve the performance of compact models. Previous KD approaches usually aim to guide the student to mimic the teacher's behavior completely in the representation space. However, such one-to-one corresponding constraints may lead to inflexible knowledge transfer from the teacher to the student, especially those with low model capacities. Inspired by the ultimate goal of KD methods, we propose a novel Evaluation oriented KD method (EKD) for deep face recognition to directly reduce the performance gap between…
Universidad Tecnologica de Chile - INACAP（智利技术大学 - 国家职业教育学院）；Universidad Andres Bello - DCI（安德烈斯·贝略大学 - 信息与传播系）
Selfie soft biometrics has great potential for various applications ranging from marketing, security and online banking. However, it faces many challenges since there is limited control in data acquisition conditions. This chapter presents a Super-Resolution-Convolutional Neural Networks (SRCNNs) approach that increases the resolution of low quality periocular iris images cropped from selfie images of subject's faces. This work shows that increasing image resolution (2x and 3x) can improve the sex-classification rate when using a Random Forest classifier. The best sex-classification rate was 9…
Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD（弗劳恩霍夫计算机图形研究所）；Mathematical and Applied Visual Computing, TU Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学数学与应用视觉计算）
Deep neural networks have rapidly become the mainstream method for face recognition (FR). However, this limits the deployment of such models that contain an extremely large number of parameters to embedded and low-end devices. In this work, we present an extremely lightweight and accurate FR solution, namely PocketNet. We utilize neural architecture search to develop a new family of lightweight face-specific architectures. We additionally propose a novel training paradigm based on knowledge distillation (KD), the multi-step KD, where the knowledge is distilled from the teacher model to the stu…
Not Every Cue Is Evidence: Cue Supportability for Forensic Distillation in Face Forgery Detection
School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University（浙江大学软件学院）；Ant Group（蚂蚁集团）；College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University（浙江大学计算机科学与技术学院）；College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology（浙江工业大学计算机科学与技术学院）
Prior Knowledge Distillation Network for Face Super-Resolution
School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology（合肥工业大学计算机与信息学院）；Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学先进技术研究院）
Periocular Biometrics: A Modality for Unconstrained Scenarios
School of Information Technology, Halmstad University（哈尔姆斯塔德大学信息技术学院）；School of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学工程学院）；Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD（弗劳恩霍夫计算机图形研究所）；TU Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学计算机科学与工程系）
Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）；South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）；China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute（中新国际联合研究院）
Face presentation attack detection (PAD) has been extensively studied by research communities to enhance the security of face recognition systems. Although existing methods have achieved good performance on testing data with similar distribution as the training data, their performance degrades severely in application scenarios with data of unseen distributions. In situations where the training and testing data are drawn from different domains, a typical approach is to apply domain adaptation techniques to improve face PAD performance with the help of target domain data. However, it has always …
Flow Augmentation and Knowledge Distillation for Lightweight Face Presentation Attack Detection
SDAIA-KFUPM Joint Research Center for Artificial Intelligence（SDAIA-KFUPM联合人工智能研究中心）；King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals（国王法赫德石油大学）；Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems (IRC-ISS)（智能安全系统跨学科研究中心）；College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering（信息科学与电子工程学院）；Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computing and Mathematics（计算机工程系，计算与数学学院）
We introduce DOPE, the first method to detect and estimate whole-body 3D human poses, including bodies, hands and faces, in the wild. Achieving this level of details is key for a number of applications that require understanding the interactions of the people with each other or with the environment. The main challenge is the lack of in-the-wild data with labeled whole-body 3D poses. In previous work, training data has been annotated or generated for simpler tasks focusing on bodies, hands or faces separately. In this work, we propose to take advantage of these datasets to train independent exp…
Representation knowledge distillation aims at transferring rich information from one model to another. Common approaches for representation distillation mainly focus on the direct minimization of distance metrics between the models' embedding vectors. Such direct methods may be limited in transferring high-order dependencies embedded in the representation vectors, or in handling the capacity gap between the teacher and student models. Moreover, in standard knowledge distillation, the teacher is trained without awareness of the student's characteristics and capacity. In this paper, we explore t…
Smartphone based periocular recognition has gained significant attention from biometric research community because of the limitations of biometric modalities like face, iris etc. Most of the existing methods for periocular recognition employ hand-crafted features. Recently, learning based image representation techniques like deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) have shown outstanding performance in many visual recognition tasks. CNN needs a huge volume of data for its learning, but for periocular recognition only limited amount of data is available. The solution is to use CNN pre-trained on…
Head generation with diverse identities is an important task in computer vision and computer graphics, widely used in multimedia applications. However, current full head generation methods require a large number of 3D scans or multi-view images to train the model, resulting in expensive data acquisition cost. To address this issue, we propose Head3D, a method to generate full 3D heads with limited multi-view images. Specifically, our approach first extracts facial priors represented by tri-planes learned in EG3D, a 3D-aware generative model, and then proposes feature distillation to deliver th…
In recent years, periocular recognition has been developed as a valuable biometric identification approach, especially in wild environments (for example, masked faces due to COVID-19 pandemic) where facial recognition may not be applicable. This paper presents a new deep periocular recognition framework called attribute-based deep periocular recognition (ADPR), which predicts soft biometrics and incorporates the prediction into a periocular recognition algorithm to determine identity from periocular images with high accuracy. We propose an end-to-end framework, which uses several shared convol…
Face to Cartoon Incremental Super-Resolution using Knowledge Distillation
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad（印度阿拉哈巴德信息技术学院）；Sorbonne Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi（索邦大学阿布扎比分校索邦人工智能中心）
Griffith University（格里菲斯大学）；The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；Wuhan University of Technology（武汉理工大学）
Facial landmark detection is a crucial prerequisite for many face analysis applications. Deep learning-based methods currently dominate the approach of addressing the facial landmark detection. However, such works generally introduce a large number of parameters, resulting in high memory cost. In this paper, we aim for a lightweight as well as effective solution to facial landmark detection. To this end, we propose an effective lightweight model, namely Mobile Face Alignment Network (MobileFAN), using a simple backbone MobileNetV2 as the encoder and three deconvolutional layers as the decoder.…
Krasovskii Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics（克拉斯诺夫斯基数学与力学研究所）；Ural Federal University（乌拉尔联邦大学）
We propose a response-based method of knowledge distillation (KD) for the head pose estimation problem. A student model trained by the proposed KD achieves results better than a teacher model, which is atypical for the response-based method. Our method consists of two stages. In the first stage, we trained the base neural network (NN), which has one regression head and four regression via classification (RvC) heads. We build the convolutional ensemble over the base NN using offsets of face bounding boxes over a regular grid. In the second stage, we perform KD from the convolutional ensemble in…
We propose a new semi-supervised learning method on face-related tasks based on Multi-Task Learning (MTL) and data distillation. The proposed method exploits multiple datasets with different labels for different-but-related tasks such as simultaneous age, gender, race, facial expression estimation. Specifically, when there are only a few well-labeled data for a specific task among the multiple related ones, we exploit the labels of other related tasks in different domains. Our approach is composed of (1) a new MTL method which can deal with weakly labeled datasets and perform several tasks sim…
PLGSA-Transformer: Periocular Landmark-Guided Attention with Occlusion-Adaptive Cosine Thresholding for Cross-Modal Masked and Unmasked Face Recognition
Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Qaiwan International University（工程与计算机科学学院，卡伊万国际大学）；Department of Information and Communication Technology Center (ICTC)-System Information, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research（信息与通信技术中心（ICTC）-系统信息，高等教育与科学研究部）
Most teacher-student frameworks based on knowledge distillation (KD) depend on a strong congruent constraint on instance level. However, they usually ignore the correlation between multiple instances, which is also valuable for knowledge transfer. In this work, we propose a new framework named correlation congruence for knowledge distillation (CCKD), which transfers not only the instance-level information, but also the correlation between instances. Furthermore, a generalized kernel method based on Taylor series expansion is proposed to better capture the correlation between instances. Empiric…
University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；UNSW Canberra（新南威尔士大学堪培拉分校）；CSIRO Data61（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织Data61研究所）
Facial forgery detection is a crucial but extremely challenging topic, with the fast development of forgery techniques making the synthetic artefact highly indistinguishable. Prior works show that by mining both spatial and frequency information the forgery detection performance of deep learning models can be vastly improved. However, leveraging multiple types of information usually requires more than one branch in the neural network, which makes the model heavy and cumbersome. Knowledge distillation, as an important technique for efficient modelling, could be a possible remedy. We find that e…
Learning Visual Speech Representations via Cross-Modal Distillation and Joint Face-Lip Modeling
School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Shaanxi Normal University（陕西师范大学人工智能与计算机科学学院）；iFLYTEK Research, iFLYTEK Co., Ltd.（科大讯飞股份有限公司）；Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Service Technology for Folk SongMinistry of Culture and Tourism（文化和旅游部民歌智能计算与服务技术重点实验室）
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；Beijing University of Technology（北京工业大学）
Few-shot segmentation focuses on the generalization of models to segment unseen object with limited annotated samples. However, existing approaches still face two main challenges. First, huge feature distinction between support and query images causes knowledge transferring barrier, which harms the segmentation performance. Second, limited support prototypes cannot adequately represent features of support objects, hard to guide high-quality query segmentation. To deal with the above two issues, we propose self-distillation embedded supervised affinity attention model to improve the performance…
Institute of Computing Technology (ICT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Horizon Robotics（地平线机器人）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）
