One of the major challenges of style transfer is the appropriate image features supervision between the output image and the input (style and content) images. An efficient strategy would be to define an object map between the objects of the style and the content images. However, such a mapping is not well established when there are semantic objects of different types and numbers in the style and the content images. It also leads to content mismatch in the style transfer output, which could reduce the visual quality of the results. We propose an object-based style transfer approach, called DeepObjStyle, for the style supervision in the training data-independent framework. DeepObjStyle preserves the semantics of the objects and achieves better style transfer in the challenging scenario when the style and the content images have a mismatch of image features. We also perform style transfer of images containing a word cloud to demonstrate that DeepObjStyle enables an appropriate image features supervision. We validate the results using quantitative comparisons and user studies.
Photorealistic style transfer is a technique which transfers colour from one reference domain to another domain by using deep learning and optimization techniques. Here, we present a technique which we use to transfer style and colour from a reference image to a video.
University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；University of Colorado Boulder（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校）
Photorealistic style transfer entails transferring the style of a reference image to another image so the result seems like a plausible photo. Our work is inspired by the observation that existing models are slow due to their large sizes. We introduce PCA-based knowledge distillation to distill lightweight models and show it is motivated by theory. To our knowledge, this is the first knowledge distillation method for photorealistic style transfer. Our experiments demonstrate its versatility for use with different backbone architectures, VGG and MobileNet, across six image resolutions. Compared…
This paper introduces a deep-learning approach to photographic style transfer that handles a large variety of image content while faithfully transferring the reference style. Our approach builds upon the recent work on painterly transfer that separates style from the content of an image by considering different layers of a neural network. However, as is, this approach is not suitable for photorealistic style transfer. Even when both the input and reference images are photographs, the output still exhibits distortions reminiscent of a painting. Our contribution is to constrain the transformatio…
University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；University of Colorado Boulder（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校）
Photorealistic style transfer is the task of synthesizing a realistic-looking image when adapting the content from one image to appear in the style of another image. Modern models commonly embed a transformation that fuses features describing the content image and style image and then decodes the resulting feature into a stylized image. We introduce a general-purpose transformation that enables controlling the balance between how much content is preserved and the strength of the infused style. We offer the first experiments that demonstrate the performance of existing transformations across di…
We address the problem of style transfer between two photos and propose a new way to preserve photorealism. Using the single pair of photos available as input, we train a pair of deep convolution networks (convnets), each of which transfers the style of one photo to the other. To enforce photorealism, we introduce a content preserving mechanism by combining a cycle-consistency loss with a self-consistency loss. Experimental results show that this method does not suffer from typical artifacts observed in methods working in the same settings. We then further analyze some properties of these trai…
Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen（图宾根大学计算机科学系）
Photorealism is a complex concept that cannot easily be formulated mathematically. Deep Photo Style Transfer is an attempt to transfer the style of a reference image to a content image while preserving its photorealism. This is achieved by introducing a constraint that prevents distortions in the content image and by applying the style transfer independently for semantically different parts of the images. In addition, an automated segmentation process is presented that consists of a neural network based segmentation method followed by a semantic grouping step. To further improve the results a …
Boston University（波士顿大学）；Google Research（谷歌研究院）；Google（谷歌）
We present a novel algorithm for transferring artistic styles of semantically meaningful local regions of an image onto local regions of a target video while preserving its photorealism. Local regions may be selected either fully automatically from an image, through using video segmentation algorithms, or from casual user guidance such as scribbles. Our method, based on a deep neural network architecture inspired by recent work in photorealistic style transfer, is real-time and works on arbitrary inputs without runtime optimization once trained on a diverse dataset of artistic styles. By augme…
Photorealistic style transfer is the task of transferring the artistic style of an image onto a content target, producing a result that is plausibly taken with a camera. Recent approaches, based on deep neural networks, produce impressive results but are either too slow to run at practical resolutions, or still contain objectionable artifacts. We propose a new end-to-end model for photorealistic style transfer that is both fast and inherently generates photorealistic results. The core of our approach is a feed-forward neural network that learns local edge-aware affine transforms that automatic…
Technion Israel Institute of Technology（以色列理工学院）；Adobe Research（Adobe 研究院）
Recent work has shown impressive success in transferring painterly style to images. These approaches, however, fall short of photorealistic style transfer. Even when both the input and reference images are photographs, the output still exhibits distortions reminiscent of a painting. In this paper we propose an approach that takes as input a stylized image and makes it more photorealistic. It relies on the Screened Poisson Equation, maintaining the fidelity of the stylized image while constraining the gradients to those of the original input image. Our method is fast, simple, fully automatic an…
Recent techniques to solve photorealistic style transfer within deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) generally require intensive training from large-scale datasets, thus having limited applicability and poor generalization ability to unseen images or styles. To overcome this, we propose a novel framework, dubbed Deep Translation Prior (DTP), to accomplish photorealistic style transfer through test-time training on given input image pair with untrained networks, which learns an image pair-specific translation prior and thus yields better performance and generalization. Tailored for such te…
Personalized Image Filter: Mastering Your Photographic Style
State Key Laboratory of General Artificial Intelligence, School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Peking University（国家通用人工智能重点实验室，智能科学与技术学院，北京大学）；Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence（北京人工智能研究院）；State Key Laboratory of Multimedia Information Processing and National Engineering Research Center of Visual Technology, School of Computer Science, Peking University（多媒体信息处理国家重点实验室和视觉技术国家工程研究中心，计算机科学学院，北京大学）；School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（人工智能学院，北京邮电大学）
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）
Style-guided text image generation tries to synthesize text image by imitating reference image's appearance while keeping text content unaltered. The text image appearance includes many aspects. In this paper, we focus on transferring style image's background and foreground color patterns to the content image to generate photo-realistic text image. To achieve this goal, we propose 1) a content-style cross attention based pixel sampling approach to roughly mimicking the style text image's background; 2) a pixel-wise style modulation technique to transfer varying color patterns of the style imag…
Recent style transfer models have provided promising artistic results. However, given a photograph as a reference style, existing methods are limited by spatial distortions or unrealistic artifacts, which should not happen in real photographs. We introduce a theoretically sound correction to the network architecture that remarkably enhances photorealism and faithfully transfers the style. The key ingredient of our method is wavelet transforms that naturally fits in deep networks. We propose a wavelet corrected transfer based on whitening and coloring transforms (WCT$^2$) that allows features t…
We propose a new flexible deep convolutional neural network (convnet) to perform fast visual style transfer. In contrast to existing convnets that address the same task, our architecture derives directly from the structure of the gradient descent originally used to solve the style transfer problem [Gatys et al., 2016]. Like existing convnets, ours approximately solves the original problem much faster than the gradient descent. However, our network is uniquely flexible by design: it can be manipulated at runtime to enforce new constraints on the final solution. In particular, we show how to mod…
Baidu Inc.（百度公司）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）
Photo-realistic style transfer aims at migrating the artistic style from an exemplar style image to a content image, producing a result image without spatial distortions or unrealistic artifacts. Impressive results have been achieved by recent deep models. However, deep neural network based methods are too expensive to run in real-time. Meanwhile, bilateral grid based methods are much faster but still contain artifacts like overexposure. In this work, we propose the \textbf{Adaptive ColorMLP (AdaCM)}, an effective and efficient framework for universal photo-realistic style transfer. First, we …
Peking University（北京大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）
With the rapid development of social network and multimedia technology, customized image and video stylization has been widely used for various social-media applications. In this paper, we explore the problem of exemplar-based photo style transfer, which provides a flexible and convenient way to invoke fantastic visual impression. Rather than investigating some fixed artistic patterns to represent certain styles as was done in some previous works, our work emphasizes styles related to a series of visual effects in the photograph, e.g. color, tone, and contrast. We propose a photo stylistic bru…
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；Qihoo 360 Artificial Intelligence Institute（奇虎360人工智能研究院）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
Style synthesis attracts great interests recently, while few works focus on its dual problem "style separation". In this paper, we propose the Style Separation and Synthesis Generative Adversarial Network (S3-GAN) to simultaneously implement style separation and style synthesis on object photographs of specific categories. Based on the assumption that the object photographs lie on a manifold, and the contents and styles are independent, we employ S3-GAN to build mappings between the manifold and a latent vector space for separating and synthesizing the contents and styles. The S3-GAN consists …
As light field images continue to increase in use and application, it becomes necessary to adapt existing image processing methods to this unique form of photography. In this paper we explore methods for applying neural style transfer to light field images. Feed-forward style transfer networks provide fast, high-quality results for monocular images, but no such networks exist for full light field images. Because of the size of these images, current light field data sets are small and are insufficient for training purely feed-forward style-transfer networks from scratch. Thus, it is necessary t…
The rapid advancement of deep learning has significantly boomed the development of photorealistic style transfer. In this review, we reviewed the development of photorealistic style transfer starting from artistic style transfer and the contribution of traditional image processing techniques on photorealistic style transfer, including some work that had been completed in the Multimedia lab at the University of Alberta. Many techniques were discussed in this review. However, our focus is on VGG-based techniques, whitening and coloring transform (WCTs) based techniques, the combination of deep l…
Adaptive and flexible image editing is a desirable function of modern generative models. In this work, we present a generative model with auto-encoder architecture for per-region style manipulation. We apply a code consistency loss to enforce an explicit disentanglement between content and style latent representations, making the content and style of generated samples consistent with their corresponding content and style references. The model is also constrained by a content alignment loss to ensure the foreground editing will not interfere background contents. As a result, given interested re…
Sobey Digital Technology Co., Ltd（索贝数码科技股份有限公司）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）
Video photorealistic style transfer is desired to generate videos with a similar photorealistic style to the style image while maintaining temporal consistency. However, existing methods obtain stylized video sequences by performing frame-by-frame photorealistic style transfer, which is inefficient and does not ensure the temporal consistency of the stylized video. To address this issue, we use neural network-based 3D Lookup Tables (LUTs) for the photorealistic transfer of videos, achieving a balance between efficiency and effectiveness. We first train a neural network for generating photoreal…
We introduce a new technique that automatically generates diverse, visually compelling stylizations for a photograph in an unsupervised manner. We achieve this by learning style ranking for a given input using a large photo collection and selecting a diverse subset of matching styles for final style transfer. We also propose a novel technique that transfers the global color and tone of the chosen exemplars to the input photograph while avoiding the common visual artifacts produced by the existing style transfer methods. Together, our style selection and transfer techniques produce compelling, …
This paper presents a content-aware style transfer algorithm for paintings and photos of similar content using pre-trained neural network, obtaining better results than the previous work. In addition, the numerical experiments show that the style pattern and the content information is not completely separated by neural network.
Photorealistic style transfer aims to transfer the artistic style of an image onto an input image or video while keeping photorealism. In this paper, we think it's the summary statistics matching scheme in existing algorithms that leads to unrealistic stylization. To avoid employing the popular Gram loss, we propose a self-supervised style transfer framework, which contains a style removal part and a style restoration part. The style removal network removes the original image styles, and the style restoration network recovers image styles in a supervised manner. Meanwhile, to address the probl…
Style analysis of artwork in computer vision predominantly focuses on achieving results in target image generation through optimizing understanding of low level style characteristics such as brush strokes. However, fundamentally different techniques are required to computationally understand and control qualities of art which incorporate higher level style characteristics. We study style representations learned by neural network architectures incorporating these higher level characteristics. We find variation in learned style features from incorporating triplets annotated by art historians as …
Several research groups have shown that Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) can generate photo-realistic images in recent years. Using the GANs, a map is created between a latent code and a photo-realistic image. This process can also be reversed: given a photo as input, it is possible to obtain the corresponding latent code. In this paper, we will show how the inversion process can be easily exploited to interpret the latent space and control the output of StyleGAN2, a GAN architecture capable of generating photo-realistic faces. From a biological perspective, facial features such as nose …
AIOZ；University of Liverpool（利物浦大学）；VinAI Research（VinAI研究院）
Audio-driven talking head animation is a challenging research topic with many real-world applications. Recent works have focused on creating photo-realistic 2D animation, while learning different talking or singing styles remains an open problem. In this paper, we present a new method to generate talking head animation with learnable style references. Given a set of style reference frames, our framework can reconstruct 2D talking head animation based on a single input image and an audio stream. Our method first produces facial landmarks motion from the audio stream and constructs the intermedi…
The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；University of Colorado Boulder（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校）
Photorealistic style transfer is an image editing task with the goal to modify an image to match the style of another image while ensuring the result looks like a real photograph. A limitation of existing models is that they have many parameters, which in turn prevents their use for larger image resolutions and leads to slower run-times. We introduce two mechanisms that enable our design of a more compact model that we call PhotoWCT$^2$, which preserves state-of-art stylization strength and photorealism. First, we introduce blockwise training to perform coarse-to-fine feature transformations t…
An estimated 60% of smartphones sold in 2018 were equipped with multiple rear cameras, enabling a wide variety of 3D-enabled applications such as 3D Photos. The success of 3D Photo platforms (Facebook 3D Photo, Holopix, etc) depend on a steady influx of user generated content. These platforms must provide simple image manipulation tools to facilitate content creation, akin to traditional photo platforms. Artistic neural style transfer, propelled by recent advancements in GPU technology, is one such tool for enhancing traditional photos. However, naively extrapolating single-view neural style t…
Peking University（北京大学）；Baidu Research（百度研究院）；University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学）
Universal style transfer is an image editing task that renders an input content image using the visual style of arbitrary reference images, including both artistic and photorealistic stylization. Given a pair of images as the source of content and the reference of style, existing solutions usually first train an auto-encoder (AE) to reconstruct the image using deep features and then embeds pre-defined style transfer modules into the AE reconstruction procedure to transfer the style of the reconstructed image through modifying the deep features. While existing methods typically need multiple ro…
This note presents an extension to the neural artistic style transfer algorithm (Gatys et al.). The original algorithm transforms an image to have the style of another given image. For example, a photograph can be transformed to have the style of a famous painting. Here we address a potential shortcoming of the original method: the algorithm transfers the colors of the original painting, which can alter the appearance of the scene in undesirable ways. We describe simple linear methods for transferring style while preserving colors.
Photorealistic style transfer aims to transfer the style of one image to another, but preserves the original structure and detail outline of the content image, which makes the content image still look like a real shot after the style transfer. Although some realistic image styling methods have been proposed, these methods are vulnerable to lose the details of the content image and produce some irregular distortion structures. In this paper, we use a high-resolution network as the image generation network. Compared to other methods, which reduce the resolution and then restore the high resoluti…
PhotoDoodle: Learning Artistic Image Editing from Few-Shot Pairwise Data
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；Tiamat（提亚马特）
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；VinAI Research（VinAI研究院）
Architectural photography is a genre of photography that focuses on capturing a building or structure in the foreground with dramatic lighting in the background. Inspired by recent successes in image-to-image translation methods, we aim to perform style transfer for architectural photographs. However, the special composition in architectural photography poses great challenges for style transfer in this type of photographs. Existing neural style transfer methods treat the architectural images as a single entity, which would generate mismatched chrominance and destroy geometric features of the o…
Jiangnan University（江南大学）；University of Surrey（萨里大学）
In this paper, we propose a photorealistic style transfer network to emphasize the natural effect of photorealistic image stylization. In general, distortion of the image content and lacking of details are two typical issues in the style transfer field. To this end, we design a novel framework employing the U-Net structure to maintain the rich spatial clues, with a multi-layer feature aggregation (MFA) method to simultaneously provide the details obtained by the shallow layers in the stylization processing. In particular, an encoder based on the dense block and a decoder form a symmetrical str…
StyleMorpheus: A Style-Based 3D-Aware Morphable Face Model
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia（电气与计算机工程系，不列颠哥伦比亚大学）；Huawei Technologies Canada（华为技术加拿大公司）；Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, The University of British Columbia (Okanagan)（计算机科学、数学、物理与统计学系，不列颠哥伦比亚大学（OKanagan））
Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；Delft University of Technology（代尔夫特理工大学）
A common strategy for improving model robustness is through data augmentations. Data augmentations encourage models to learn desired invariances, such as invariance to horizontal flipping or small changes in color. Recent work has shown that arbitrary style transfer can be used as a form of data augmentation to encourage invariance to textures by creating painting-like images from photographs. However, a stylized photograph is not quite the same as an artist-created painting. Artists depict perceptually meaningful cues in paintings so that humans can recognize salient components in scenes, an …
The work by Gatys et al. [1] recently showed a neural style algorithm that can produce an image in the style of another image. Some further works introduced various improvements regarding generalization, quality and efficiency, but each of them was mostly focused on styles such as paintings, abstract images or photo-realistic style. In this paper, we present a comparison of how state-of-the-art style transfer methods cope with transferring various comic styles on different images. We select different combinations of Adaptive Instance Normalization [11] and Universal Style Transfer [16] models …
End-users, without knowledge in photography, desire to beautify their photos to have a similar color style as a well-retouched reference. However, the definition of style in recent image style transfer works is inappropriate. They usually synthesize undesirable results due to transferring exact colors to the wrong destination. It becomes even worse in sensitive cases such as portraits. In this work, we concentrate on learning low-level image transformation, especially color-shifting methods, rather than mixing contextual features, then present a novel scheme to train color style transfer with …
Style transfer is a problem of rendering image with some content in the style of another image, for example a family photo in the style of a painting of some famous artist. The drawback of classical style transfer algorithm is that it imposes style uniformly on all parts of the content image, which perturbs central objects on the content image, such as faces or text, and makes them unrecognizable. This work proposes a novel style transfer algorithm which automatically detects central objects on the content image, generates spatial importance mask and imposes style non-uniformly: central object…
The biggest challenge faced by a Machine Learning Engineer is the lack of data they have, especially for 2-dimensional images. The image is processed to be trained into a Machine Learning model so that it can recognize patterns in the data and provide predictions. This research is intended to create a solution using the Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) algorithm in overcoming the problem of lack of data. Then use Style Transfer to be able to generate a new image based on the given style. Based on the results of testing the resulting model has been carried out several improvements, …
University of Tennessee（田纳西大学）；Capital Normal University（首都师范大学）
Photorealistic stylization aims to transfer the style of a reference photo onto a content photo in a natural fashion, such that the stylized image looks like a real photo taken by a camera. State-of-the-art methods stylize the image locally within each matched semantic region and are prone to global color inconsistency across semantic objects/parts, making the stylized image less photorealistic. To tackle the challenging issues, we propose a non-local representation scheme, constrained with a mutual affine-transfer network (NL-MAT). Through a dictionary-based decomposition, NL-MAT is able to s…
Style transfer methods have achieved significant success in recent years with the use of convolutional neural networks. However, many of these methods concentrate on artistic style transfer with few constraints on the output image appearance. We address the challenging problem of transferring face texture from a style face image to a content face image in a photorealistic manner without changing the identity of the original content image. Our framework for face texture transfer (FaceTex) augments the prior work of MRF-CNN with a novel facial semantic regularization that incorporates a face pri…
Over the past few years, image-to-image style transfer has risen to the frontiers of neural image processing. While conventional methods were successful in various tasks such as color and texture transfer between images, none could effectively work with the custom filter effects that are applied by users through various platforms like Instagram. In this paper, we introduce a new concept of style transfer, Filter Style Transfer (FST). Unlike conventional style transfer, new technique FST can extract and transfer custom filter style from a filtered style image to a content image. FST first infer…
We propose an efficient algorithm to embed a given image into the latent space of StyleGAN. This embedding enables semantic image editing operations that can be applied to existing photographs. Taking the StyleGAN trained on the FFHQ dataset as an example, we show results for image morphing, style transfer, and expression transfer. Studying the results of the embedding algorithm provides valuable insights into the structure of the StyleGAN latent space. We propose a set of experiments to test what class of images can be embedded, how they are embedded, what latent space is suitable for embeddi…
Style transfer aims to reproduce content images with the styles from reference images. Existing universal style transfer methods successfully deliver arbitrary styles to original images either in an artistic or a photo-realistic way. However, the range of 'arbitrary style' defined by existing works is bounded in the particular domain due to their structural limitation. Specifically, the degrees of content preservation and stylization are established according to a predefined target domain. As a result, both photo-realistic and artistic models have difficulty in performing the desired style tra…
University at Albany, SUNY（纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校）；JD Finance AI Lab（京东金融人工智能实验室）；GE Global Research（通用电气全球研究中心）
Video style transfer is a useful component for applications such as augmented reality, non-photorealistic rendering, and interactive games. Many existing methods use optical flow to preserve the temporal smoothness of the synthesized video. However, the estimation of optical flow is sensitive to occlusions and rapid motions. Thus, in this work, we introduce a novel evolve-sync loss computed by evolvements to replace optical flow. Using this evolve-sync loss, we build an adversarial learning framework, termed as Video Style Transfer Generative Adversarial Network (VST-GAN), which improves upon …
