Nambu-Goldstone modes in non-equilibrium systems from AdS/CFT correspondence
Shuta Ishigaki, Masataka Matsumoto
备注：
v1: 20 pages, 8 figures, v2: minor corrections, references added, v3: 26 pages, 11 figures, clarified discussions in Section 3 and Section 4, added Appendix B and Appendix C, references fixed; version accepted in JHEP
We investigate dispersion relation of Nambu-Goldstone modes in a dissipative system realized by the AdS/CFT correspondence. We employ the D3/D7 model which represents ${\cal N} = 4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory coupled to ${\cal N = 2}$ flavor fields. If we consider massless quarks in the presence of an external magnetic field, the system exhibits the phase transition associated with the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the chiral symmetry. We find that the Nambu-Goldstone modes shows a diffusive behavior in the dispersion relation, which agrees with that found with the effective field theory approach. We also study a non-equilibrium steady state which has a constant current flow in the presence of an external electric field. In a non-equilibrium steady state, we find that the Nambu-Goldstone modes shows a linear dispersion in the real part of the frequency in addition to the diffusive behavior. Moreover, we analyze the linear dispersion of the Nambu-Goldstone modes in the hydrodynamic approximation. As a result, we find that the linear dispersion can be written as the analytic functions of quantities in the dual field theory. Our results imply that such a linear dispersion is a characteristic behavior of Nambu-Goldstone modes in a non-equilibrium steady state.
We present explicitly a relation between the Nambu-Goldstone boson and the order parameter in non-relativistic systems with spontaneous symmetry breaking. We show that the Nambu-Goldstone bosons are characterized by transformation property of the order parameter under symmetry transformation of a system. We give an explicit formula for the Nambu-Goldstone boson for a general Lie group $G$, and then the number of the Nambu-Goldstone boson is derived straightforwardly from the symmetry of the order parameter, i.e. the type of symmetry breaking. We show that the Ward-Takahashi identity is modifie…
First, we develop the counting rule for Nambu-Goldstone bosons to the system including two-time derivative terms. In this case, the type-II Nambu-Goldstone bosons may appear along with the massive Nambu-Goldstone ones. The number of the bosons is not reduced in contrast to the system without two-time derivative terms. We also investigate the reduction of the degrees of freedom from the perspective of the Dirac-Bergmann theory of constraints and reproduce the counting rule for Nambu-Goldstone bosons without Lorentz invariance. Then, we construct the generic Higgs model and study a Higgs phenome…
In a class of three-dimensional abelian gauge theory the Lorentz invariance is spontaneously broken by dynamical generation of a magnetic field. An originally topologically massive photon becomes gapless, i.e. p_0=0 at {\vec p}=0. Indeed, the photon is the Nambu-Goldstone boson associated with the spontaneous breaking of the Lorentz invariance. Although symmetry generated by two Lorentz boost generators is broken, there seems to appear only one physical Nambu-Goldstone boson, namely a photon. We argue that the Ward identities in the Nambu-Goldstone theorem are saturated by the photon pole.
In any theory with spontaneous symmetry breaking, it is important to account for the massless Nambu-Goldstone and massive Higgs modes. In this short review, the fate of these modes is examined for the case of a bumblebee model, in which Lorentz symmetry is spontaneously broken.
A new gravitational interaction of spin 3/2 Nambu-Goldstone(N-G) fermion is constructed, which gives a new framework for the consistent gravitational coupling of spin 3/2 massless field. The action is invariant under a new global supersymmetry.
We demonstrate that the number of Nambu-Goldstone bosons is always equal to the number of conserved currents inside the scenario of non-Hermitian field theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking. This eliminates the redundancies which normally appears in Hermitian field theories, specifically when the Lagrangian under analysis violates explicitly the Lorentz symmetry.
This talk focuses on the role of light scalars in cosmology, both Nambu Goldstone bosons and pseudo moduli. The former include QCD axions, which might constitute the dark matter, and more general axions, which, under certain conditions, might play the role of inflatons, implementing {\it natural inflation}. The latter are the actors in (generalized) hybrid inflation. They rather naturally yield large field inflation, even mimicking chaotic inflation for suitable ranges of parameters.
Assuming dynamical spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry for massless gauge theory without scalar fields, we find a method how to construct an effective action of the dynamical Nambu-Goldstone bosons and elemetary fermions by using auxiliary fields. Here dynamical particles are asssumed to be composed of elementary fermions. Various quantities including decay constants are calculated from this effective action.
We construct the Wess-Zumino terms from anomalies in case of quasigroups for the following situations. One is effective gauge field theories of Nambu-Goldstone fields associated with spontaneously broken global symmetries and the other is anomalous gauge theories. The formalism that we will develop can be seen as a generalization of the non-linear realization method of Lie groups. As an example we consider 2d gravity with a Weyl invariant regularization
Spontaneous breakdown of the continuous symmetry is studied in the framework of discretized light-front quantization. We consider linear sigma model in 3+1 dimensions and show that the careful treatment of zero modes together with the regularization of the theory by introducing NG boson mass leads to the correct description of Nambu-Goldstone phase on the light-front.
In a chiral $U_L(N)\times U_R(N)$ fermion model of NJL-form, we prove that, if all the fermions are assumed to have equal masses and equal chemical potentials, then at the finite temperature $T$ below the symmetry restoration temperature $T_c$, there will be $N^2$ massive scalar composite particles and $N^2$ massless pseudoscalar composite particles (Nambu-Goldstone bosons). This shows that the Goldstone Theorem at finite temperature for spontaneous symmetry breaking $U_L(N)\times U_R(N) \to U_{L+R}(N)$ is consistent with the real-time formalism of thermal field theory in this model.
The spacetime symmetries of SGM action proposed as the gravitational coupling of N-G fermions are investigated. The commutators of new nonlinear supersymmetry (NL SUSY) transformations form a closed algebra, which reveals N-G fermion (NL SUSY) nature and a generalized general coordinate transformation. A generalized local Lorentz transformation, which forms a closed algebra, is also introduced.
We derive the moduli space for the global symmetry in N=1 supersymmetric theories. We show, at the generic points, it coincides with the space of quasi-Nambu-Goldstone (QNG) bosons, which appear besides the ordinary Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons when global symmetry G breaks down spontaneously to its subgroup H with preserving N=1 supersymmetry. At the singular points, most of the NG bosons change to the QNG bosons and the unbroken global symmetry is enhanced. The G-orbits parametrized by the NG bosons are the fibre at the moduli space and the singular points correspond to the point where H-orbi…
We study the N=1 U(N) gauge model obtained by spontaneous breaking of N=2 supersymmetry. The Fayet-Iliopoulos term included in the N=2 action does not appear in the action on the N=1 vacuum and the superpotential is modified to break discrete R symmetry. We take a limit in which the Kahler metric becomes flat and the superpotential preserves non-trivial form. The Nambu-Goldstone fermion is decoupled from other fields but the resulting action is still N=1 supersymmetric. It shows the origin of the fermionic shift symmetry in N=1 U(N) gauge theory.
Starting from the Fierz transform of the two-flavour 't Hooft interaction (a four-fermion Lagrangian with antisymmetric Lorentz tensor interaction terms augmented by an NJL type Lorentz scalar inetraction responsible for dynamical symmetry breaking and quark mass generation), we show that: (1) antisymmetric tensor Nambu-Goldstone bosons appear provided that the scalar and tensor couplings stand in the proportion of two to one, which ratio appears naturally in the Fierz transform of the two-flavour 't Hooft interaction; (2) non-Abelian vector gauge bosons coupled to this system acquire a non-ze…
In a one-generation fermion condensate scheme of electroweak symmetry breaking, it is proven based on Schwinger-Dyson equation in the real-time thermal field theory in the fermion bubble diagram approximation that, at finite temperature $T$ below the symmetry restoration temperature $T_c$, a massive Higgs boson and three massless Nambu-Goldstone bosons could emerge from the spontaneous breaking of electroweak group $SU_L(2)\times U_Y(1) \to U_Q(1)$ if the two fermion flavors in the one generation are mass-degenerate, thus Goldstone Theorem is rigorously valid in this case. However, if the two …
We demonstrate that when there is spontaneous symmetry breaking in any system, relativistic or non-relativistic, the dynamic of the Nambu-Goldstone bosons is governed by the Quantum Yang-Baxter equations. These equations describe the triangular dynamical relations between pairs of Nambu-Goldstone bosons and the degenerate vacuum. We then formulate a theorem and a corollary showing that these relations guarantee the appropriate dispersion relation and the appropriate counting for the Nambu-Goldstone bosons.
We explain the origin of the mass for the Nambu-Goldstone bosons when there is a chemical potential in the action which breaks explicitly the symmetry. The method is based on the number of independent histories for the interaction of the pair of Nambu-Goldstone bosons with the degenerate vacuum (triangle relations). The analysis suggests that under some circumstances, pairs of massive Nambu-Goldstone bosons can become a single degree of freedom with an effective mass defined by the superposition of the individual masses of each boson. Possible mass oscillations for the Nambu-Goldstone bosons a…
We study an $O(N)$ scalar model under shear flow and its Nambu-Goldstone modes associated with spontaneous symmetry breaking $O(N) \to O(N-1)$. We find that the Nambu-Goldstone mode splits into an infinite number of gapless modes, which we call the rainbow Nambu-Goldstone modes. They have different group velocities and the fractional dispersion relation $ω\sim k_1^{2/3}$, where $k_1$ is the wavenumber along the flow. Such behaviors do not have counterparts in an equilibrium state.
We discuss a supersymmetric extension of a non-relativistic Chern-Simons matter theory, known as the SUSY Jackiw-Pi model, in a harmonic trap. We show that the non-relativistic version of the superconformal symmetry, called the super-Schrödinger symmetry, is not spoiled by an external field including the harmonic potential. It survives as a modified symmetry whose generators have explicit time dependences determined by the strength of the trap, the rotation velocity of the system and the fermion number chemical potential. We construct 1/3 BPS states of trapped Jackiw-Pi vortices preserving a p…
We study gravitational quantum mechanics violating (QMV) effects to masses of Nambu-Goldstone bosons, taking majoron as an example. We show a supersymmetric majoron has either mass of O(keV) for the dimension five potential or smaller mass for effective potentials with higher dimensions. We extend the Dashen's formula for pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons to include possible effects of QMV.
We investigate for N = 1 supersymmetry (SUSY) the relation between a scalar supermultiplet of linear SUSY and a nonlinear (NL) SUSY model including apparently pathological higher derivaive terms of a Nambu-Goldstone (N-G) fermion besides the Volkov-Akulov (V-A) action. SUSY invariant relations with higher derivative terms of the N-G fermion, which connect the linear and NL SUSY models, are constructed at leading orders by heuristic arguments. We discuss a higher derivative action of the N-G fermion in the NL SUSY model, which apparently includes a (Weyl) ghost field. By using this relation, we…
The present paper gives a new method of attack on the Nambu-Goldstone dynamics in spontaneously broken theories. Since the target space of the Nambu-Goldstone fields is a group coset space, their effective quantum dynamics can be naturally phrased in terms of generalized coherent-state functional integrals. As an explicit example of this line of reasoning we construct a low-energy effective Lagrangian for the Heisenberg ferromagnet in broken phase. The leading field configuration in the WKB approximation leads to the Landau-Lifshitz equation for quantum ferromagnet. The corresponding linearize…
We analyze the group-theoretical ramifications of the Nambu-Goldstone [NG] theorem in the self-consistent relativistic variational Gaussian wave functional approximation to spinless field theories. In an illustrative example we show how the Nambu-Goldstone theorem would work in the O(N) symmetric $ϕ^4$ scalar field theory, if the residual symmetry of the vacuum were lesser than O(N-1), e.g. if the vacuum were O(N-2), or O(N-3),... symmetric. [This does not imply that any of the "lesser" vacua is actually the absolute energy minimum: stability analysis has not been done.] The requisite number o…
In non-relativistic systems, when there is spontaneous symmetry breaking, the number of Nambu-Goldstone bosons ($n_{NG}$) are not necessarily equal to the number of broken generators ($n_{BG}$). Here we use the method of operators for analyzing the necessary conditions in order to obtain the correct dispersion relation for the Nambu-Goldstone bosons.
The counting rule for Nambu-Goldstone modes is discussed using Mori's projection operator method in nonrelativistic systems at zero and finite temperatures. We show that the number of Nambu-Goldstone modes is equal to the number of broken charges, Q_a, minus half the rank of the expectation value of [Q_a,Q_b].
In the imaginay-time formalism of thermal field theory, and also in the real-time formalism but by means of some redefined physical propagators for scalar bound states by diagonalization of four-point function matrices, we reexamine the Nambu-Goldstone mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking in a one-generation fermion condensate scheme, based on the Schwinger-Dyson equation in the fermion bubble diagram approximation, and compare the obtained results. We have reached the conclusion that in both the formalisms, the Goldstone theorem of spontaneous electroweak symmetry breaking is rigorously…
Nambu-Goldstone modes in immiscible two-component Bose-Einstein condensates are studied theoretically. In a uniform system, a flat domain wall is stabilized and then the translational invariance normal to the wall is spontaneously broken in addition to the breaking of two U(1) symmetries in the presence of two complex order parameters. We clarify properties of the low-energy excitations and identify that there exist two Nambu-Goldstone modes: in-phase phonon with a linear dispersion and ripplon with a fractional dispersion. The signature of the characteristic dispersion can be verified in segr…
We study a scalar zero mode originated from extradimensional components of a gauge field in a six-dimensional theory compactified on a magnetized torus. We confirm it is a Nambu-Goldstone boson of the translational symmetry on the torus which is breaking spontaneously due to magnetic flux. We also show explicitly it is massless up to the two-loop level. Moreover, we discuss full order contributions by considering the effective potential.
We discuss spontaneous symmetry breaking of open classical and quantum systems. When a continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken in an open system, a gapless excitation mode appears corresponding to the Nambu-Goldstone mode. Unlike isolated systems, the gapless mode is not always a propagation mode, but it is a diffusion one. Using the Ward-Takahashi identity and the effective action formalism, we establish the Nambu-Goldstone theorem in open systems, and derive the low-energy coefficients that determine the dispersion relation of Nambu-Goldstone modes. Using these coefficients, we classify …
We show that perforation of the three-brane by mass impinging upon it from the five-dimensional bulk excites Nambu-Goldstone spherical wave propagating outwards with the velocity of light. It is speculated that such an effect can give rise to "`unmotivated" energy release events in the brane-world cosmological models.
We investigate the existence of double copy structure, or the lack thereof, in higher derivative operators for Nambu-Goldstone bosons. At the leading ${\cal O}(p^2)$, tree amplitudes of Nambu-Goldstone bosons in the adjoint representation can be (trivially) expressed as the double copy of itself and the cubic bi-adjoint scalar theory, through the Kawai-Lewellen-Tye bilinear kernel. At the next-to-leading ${\cal O}(p^4)$ there exist four operators in general, among which we identify one operator whose amplitudes exhibit the flavor-kinematics duality and can be written as the double copy of ${\c…
Spontaneous breaking of Lorentz symmetry has been suggested as a possible mechanism that might occur in the context of a fundamental Planck-scale theory, such as string theory or a quantum theory of gravity. However, if Lorentz symmetry is spontaneously broken, two sets of questions immediately arise: what is the fate of the Nambu-Goldstone modes, and can a Higgs mechanism occur? A brief summary of some recent work looking at these questions is presented here.
We study the soft behavior of two seemingly different particles that are both referred to as dilatons in the literature, namely the one that appears in theories of gravity and in string theory and the Nambu-Goldstone boson of spontaneously broken conformal invariance. Our primary result is the discovery of a soft theorem at subsubleading order for each dilaton, which in both cases contains the operator of special conformal transformations. Interesting similarities as well as differences between the dilaton soft theorems are discussed.
The masses of the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons in the color superconducting phase of dense QCD with two light flavors are estimated by making use of the Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis effective action. Parametrically, the masses of the doublet and antidoublet bosons are suppressed by a power of the coupling constant as compared to the value of the superconducting gap. This is qualitatively different from the mass expression for the singlet pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson, resulting from non-perturbative effects. It is argued that the (anti-) doublet pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons form colorless [with …
We propose a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone inflation where twin waterfall fields coupled to the inflaton are responsible for the graceful exit from inflation by a waterfall transition. In this scenario, the $Z_2$ symmetry for the waterfall fields and the inflaton protects the inflaton potential against dangerous quantum corrections coming from the waterfall couplings. We show that there is a wide range of natural model parameters and initial conditions for a successful inflation and discuss the reheating process by the perturbative decay of the waterfall field with a $Z_2$ invariant Higgs portal. We …
We study quantum antiferromagnetic Heisenberg models on a hypercubic lattice. We prove the following three theorems without any assumption: (i) The spontaneous magnetization which is obtained by applying the infinitesimally weak symmetry breaking field is equal to the maximum spontaneous magnetization at zero or non-zero low temperatures. (ii) When the spontaneous magnetization is non-vanishing at zero temperature, there appears a gapless excitation, Nambu-Goldstone mode, above an infinite-volume pure ground state. (iii) When the spontaneous magnetization is non-vanishing at zero or non-zero l…
We propose a simple criterion to identify when Nambu-Goldstone bosons (NGBs) for different symmetries are redundant. It solves an old mystery why crystals have phonons for spontaneously broken translations but no gapless excitations for equally spontaneously broken rotations. Similarly for a superfluid, the NGB for spontaneously broken Galilean symmetry is redundant with phonons. The most nontrivial example is Tkachenko mode for a vortex lattice in a superfluid, where phonons are redundant to the Tkachenko mode which is identified as the Boboliubov mode.
We discuss the counting of Nambu-Goldstone (NG) modes associated with the spontaneous breaking of higher-form global symmetries. Effective field theories of NG modes are developed based on symmetry breaking patterns, using a generalized coset construction for higher-form symmetries. We derive a formula of the number of gapless NG modes, which involves expectation values of the commutators of conserved charges, possibly of different degrees.
Using the effective Lagrangian approach, we clarify general issues about Nambu-Goldstone bosons without Lorentz invariance. We show how to count their number and study their dispersion relations. Their number is less than the number of broken generators when some of them form canonically conjugate pairs. The pairing occurs when the generators have a nonzero expectation value of their commutator. For non-semi-simple algebras, central extensions are possible. The underlying geometry of the coset space in general is partially symplectic.
Quark matter at high density may exhibit color superconductivity. As magnetic flux tubes in metallic superconductors, color magnetic flux tubes as non-Abelian vortices appear in the color-flavor locked phase of high density QCD. ${\mathbb C}P^2$ Nambu-Goldstone bosons and Majorana fermions belonging to the triplet representation are known to be localized around a non-Abelian vortex. In this paper, we determine the coupling of these bosonic and fermionic modes by using the nonlinear realization method.
Motivated by recent constructions of TeV-scale strongly-coupled dynamics, either associated with the Higgs sector itself as in pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) Higgs models or in theories of asymmetric dark matter, we show that stable solitonic Q- balls can be formed from light pion-like pNGB fields carrying a conserved global quantum number in the presence of the Higgs field. We focus on the case of thick-wall Q-balls, where solutions satisfying all constraints are shown to exist over a range of parameter values. In the limit that our approximations hold, the Q-balls are weakly bound and p…
The fate of the Nambu-Goldstone modes arising from spontaneous Lorentz violation is investigated. Using the vierbein formalism, it is shown that up to 10 Lorentz and diffeomorphism Nambu-Goldstone modes can appear and that they are contained within the 10 modes of the vierbein associated with gauge degrees of freedom in a Lorentz-invariant theory. A general treatment of spontaneous local Lorentz and diffeomorphism violation is given for various spacetimes, and the fate of the Nambu-Goldstone modes is shown to depend on both the spacetime geometry and the dynamics of the tensor field triggering…
Nicolis and Piazza have recently pointed out the existence of Nambu-Goldstone-like excitations in relativistic systems at finite density, whose gap is exactly determined by the chemical potential and the symmetry algebra. We show that the phenomenon is much more general than anticipated and demonstrate the presence of such modes in a number of systems from (anti)ferromagnets in magnetic field to superfluid phases of quantum chromodynamics. Furthermore, we prove a counting rule for these massive Nambu-Goldstone bosons and construct a low-energy effective Lagrangian that captures their dynamics.
A semiclassical calculation of particle production by a scalar field in a potential is performed. We focus on the particular case of production of fermions by a Nambu-Goldstone boson $θ$. We have derived a (non)local equation of motion for the $θ$-field with the backreaction of the produced particles taken into account. The equation is solved in some special cases, namely for purely Nambu-Goldstone bosons and for the tilted potential $ U(θ) \propto m^2 θ^2 $. Enhanced production of bosons due to parametric resonance is investigated; we argue that the resonance probably disappears when the expa…
We study Kelvin modes and translational zero modes excited along a quantized vortex and relativistic global string in superfluids and a relativistic field theory, respectively, by constructing the low-energy effective theory of these modes. We find that they become exact gapless Nambu-Goldstone modes only in a system with infinite volume limit. On the other hand, in a system with the finite volume, we find an imaginary massive gap causing the tachyonic instability above some critical wavelength in the relativistic theory. We also find in the non-relativistic theory that Kelvin modes with wavel…
We describe a class of relativistic models incorporating finite density of matter in which spontaneous breakdown of continuous symmetries leads to a lesser number of Nambu-Goldstone bosons than that required by the Goldstone theorem. This class, in particular, describes the dynamics of the kaon condensate in the color-flavor locked phase of high density QCD. We describe the spectrum of low energy excitations in this dynamics and show that, despite the presence of a condensate and gapless excitations, this system is not a superfluid.
We show that the Nambu-Goldstone(NG) boson restricted on the light-front(LF) can only exist if we regularize the theory by introducing the explicit breaking NG-boson mass $m_π$. The NG-boson zero mode, when integrated over the LF, must have a singular behavior $\sim 1/m^2_π$ in the symmetric limit of $m^2_π\rightarrow 0$. In the discretized LF quantization this peculiarity is clarified in terms of the zero-mode constraints in the linear $σ$ model. The LF charge annihilates the vacuum, while it is not conserved in the symmetric limit in the NG phase.
We pin down the origin of a peculiar dispersion relation of domain wall fluctuation, the so-called ripplon, in a superfluid-superfluid interface. A ripplon has a dispersion relation $ω\propto k^{3/2}$ due to the nonlocality of the effective Lagrangian, which is mediated by gapless superfluid phonons in the bulk. We point out the analogy to the longitudinal phonon in the two-dimensional Wigner crystal.
These lectures provide an introduction to the low-energy dynamics of Nambu-Goldstone fields, associated with some spontaneous (or dynamical) symmetry breaking, using the powerful methods of effective field theory. The generic symmetry properties of these massless modes are described in detail and two very relevant phenomenological applications are worked out: chiral perturbation theory, the low-energy effective theory of QCD, and the (non-linear) electroweak effective theory. The similarities and differences between these two effective theories are emphasized, and their current status is revie…
The optimized perturbation theory (OPT) at finite temperature recently developed by the present authors is reviewed by using O(N) phi^4 theory with spontaneous symmetry breaking. The method resums automatically higher loops (including the hard thermal loops) at high $T$ and simultaneously cures the problem of tachyonic poles at relatively low $T$. We prove that (i) the renormalization of the ultra-violet divergences can be carried out systematically in any given order of OPT, and (ii) the Nambu-Goldstone theorem is satisfied for arbitrary $N$ and for any given order of OPT.
In massless QCD coupled to QED in an external magnetic field, a photon with the linear polarization in the direction of the external magnetic field mixes with the charge neutral pion through the triangle anomaly, leading to one gapless mode with the quadratic dispersion relation $ω\sim k^2$ and one gapped mode. We show that this gapless mode can be interpreted as the so-called type-B Nambu-Goldstone (NG) mode associated with the spontaneous breaking of generalized global symmetries and that its presence is solely dictated by the anomalous commutator in the symmetry algebra. We also argue a pos…
We show that a momentum operator of a translational symmetry may not commute with an internal symmetry operator in the presence of a topological soliton in non-relativistic theories. As a striking consequence, there appears a coupled Nambu-Goldstone mode with a quadratic dispersion consisting of translational and internal zero modes in the vicinity of a domain wall in an O(3) sigma model, a magnetic domain wall in ferromagnets with an easy axis.
After imposing current conservation together with the Gauss law as initial conditions on the Abelian Nambu model, we prove that the resulting theory is equivalent to standard QED in the non-linear gauge $\left(A_{μ}A^{μ}-n^{2}M^{2}\right)=0$, to all orders in perturbation theory. We show this by writing both models in terms of the same variables, which produce identical Feynman rules for the interactions and propagators. A crucial point is to verify that the Faddeev-Popov ghosts arising from the gauge fixing procedure in the QED sector decouple to all orders. We verify this decoupling by follo…
The analytical algorithm previously proposed by the author for matching the Volkov-Akulov (VA) and Komargodski-Seiberg (KS) actions describing the Nambu-Goldstone (NG) fermion, is discussed. The essence of the algotithm is explained, its consistency is proved and the recent results obtained with computer assistance are reproduced, when the proper Fierz rearrangements for Majorana bispinors are taken into account. We reveal a linear space of composite spinorial monomials $Δ_{m}$ which are the solutions of the scalar constraint $(\partial^{m}\barψΔ_{m})=0$. This space is used to clarify relation…
The Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) or nonlinear Schrödinger equation relevant to ultracold atomic gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates possess a modified Schrödinger symmetry in two spatial dimensions, in the presence of a harmonic trapping potential, an (artificial) constant magnetic field (or rotation) and an electric field of a quadratic electrostatic potential. We find that a variance and a center of a trapped gas with or without a vorticity can be regarded as massive Nambu-Goldstone (NG) modes associated with spontaneous breaking of the modified Schrödinger symmetry. We show that the Noether theorem …
