Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is a computational technique to estimate the power loads' appliance-by-appliance from the whole consumption measured by a single meter. In this paper, we propose a conditional density estimation model, based on deep neural networks, that joins a Conditional Variational Autoencoder with a Conditional Invertible Normalizing Flow model to estimate the individual appliance's power demand. The resulting model is called Prior Flow Variational Autoencoder or, for simplicity PFVAE. Thus, instead of having one model per appliance, the resulting model is responsible for estimating the power demand, appliance-by-appliance, at once. We train and evaluate our proposed model in a publicly available dataset composed of power demand measures from a poultry feed factory located in Brazil. The proposed model's quality is evaluated by comparing the obtained normalized disaggregation error (NDE) and signal aggregated error (SAE) with the previous work values on the same dataset. Our proposal achieves highly competitive results, and for six of the eight machines belonging to the dataset, we observe consistent improvements that go from 28% up to 81% in NDE and from 27% up to 86% in SAE.
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) or energy disaggregation aims to break down total household energy consumption into constituent appliances. Prior work has shown that providing an energy breakdown can help people save up to 15\% of energy. In recent years, deep neural networks (deep NNs) have made remarkable progress in the domain of NILM. In this paper, we demonstrate the performance of Gaussian Processes (GPs) for NILM. We choose GPs due to three main reasons: i) GPs inherently model uncertainty; ii) equivalence between infinite NNs and GPs; iii) by appropriately designing the kernel we …
Generating power system states that have similar distribution and dependency to the historical ones is essential for the tasks of system planning and security assessment, especially when the historical data is insufficient. In this paper, we described a generative model for load profiles of industrial and commercial customers, based on the conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) neural network architecture, which is challenging due to the highly variable nature of such profiles. Generated contextual load profiles were conditioned on the month of the year and typical power exchange with the …
For planning of power systems and for the calibration of operational tools, it is essential to analyse system performance in a large range of representative scenarios. When the available historical data is limited, generative models are a promising solution, but modelling high-dimensional dependencies is challenging. In this paper, a multivariate load state generating model on the basis of a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) neural network is proposed. Going beyond common CVAE implementations, the model includes stochastic variation of output samples under given latent vectors and co-…
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is an energy efficiency technique to track electricity consumption of an individual appliance in a household by one aggregated single, such as building level meter readings. The goal of NILM is to disaggregate the appliance from the aggregated singles by computational method. In this work, deep learning approaches are implemented to operate the desegregations. Deep neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and recurrent neural networks are employed for this operation. Additionally, sparse evolutionary training is applied to accelerate training efficie…
University of Essex（埃塞克斯大学）；Durham University（杜伦大学）；University College Cork（科克大学学院）
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), which usually utilizes machine learning methods and is effective in disaggregating smart meter readings from the household-level into appliance-level consumptions, can help to analyze electricity consumption behaviours of users and enable practical smart energy and smart grid applications. However, smart meters are privately owned and distributed, which make real-world applications of NILM challenging. To this end, this paper develops a distributed and privacy-preserving federated deep learning framework for NILM (FederatedNILM), which combines federated l…
This work follows the approach of multi-label classification for non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). We modify the popular sparse representation based classification (SRC) approach (developed for single label classification) to solve multi-label classification problems. Results on benchmark REDD and Pecan Street dataset shows significant improvement over state-of-the-art techniques with small volume of training data.
École de Technologie Supérieure（高等技术学院）；Université du Québec（魁北克大学）；La Forge Research Laboratory - Ubisoft（育碧La Forge研究实验室）
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a technique that uses a single sensor to measure the total power consumption of a building. Using an energy disaggregation method, the consumption of individual appliances can be estimated from the aggregate measurement. Recent disaggregation algorithms have significantly improved the performance of NILM systems. However, the generalization capability of these methods to different houses as well as the disaggregation of multi-state appliances are still major challenges. In this paper we address these issues and propose an energy disaggregation approach b…
School of Informatics（信息学院）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）
Non-intrusive load monitoring or energy disaggregation involves estimating the power consumption of individual appliances from measurements of the total power consumption of a home. Deep neural networks have been shown to be effective for energy disaggregation. In this work, we present a deep neural network architecture which achieves state of the art disaggregation performance with substantially improved computational efficiency, reducing model training time by a factor of 32 and prediction time by a factor of 43. This improvement in efficiency could be especially useful for applications wher…
Monash University（莫纳什大学）；KTH Royal Institute of Technology（KTH皇家理工学院）
We propose a multi-layer variational autoencoder method, we call HR-VQVAE, that learns hierarchical discrete representations of the data. By utilizing a novel objective function, each layer in HR-VQVAE learns a discrete representation of the residual from previous layers through a vector quantized encoder. Furthermore, the representations at each layer are hierarchically linked to those at previous layers. We evaluate our method on the tasks of image reconstruction and generation. Experimental results demonstrate that the discrete representations learned by HR-VQVAE enable the decoder to recon…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校）；ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）
Non-intrusive load monitoring addresses the challenging task of decomposing the aggregate signal of a household's electricity consumption into appliance-level data without installing dedicated meters. By detecting load malfunction and recommending energy reduction programs, cost-effective non-intrusive load monitoring provides intelligent demand-side management for utilities and end users. In this paper, we boost the accuracy of energy disaggregation with a novel neural network structure named scale- and context-aware network, which exploits multi-scale features and contextual information. Spe…
Northeast Electric Power University（东北电力大学）；State Grid Jilin Electric Power Company Limited（国网吉林省电力有限公司）
Load forecasting is very essential in the analysis and grid planning of power systems. For this reason, we first propose a household load forecasting method based on federated deep learning and non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). For all we know, this is the first research on federated learning (FL) in household load forecasting based on NILM. In this method, the integrated power is decomposed into individual device power by non-intrusive load monitoring, and the power of individual appliances is predicted separately using a federated deep learning model. Finally, the predicted power values …
Indrapratha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi（德里印德拉普拉斯塔信息技术学院）
Increasing population indicates that energy demands need to be managed in the residential sector. Prior studies have reflected that the customers tend to reduce a significant amount of energy consumption if they are provided with appliance-level feedback. This observation has increased the relevance of load monitoring in today's tech-savvy world. Most of the previously proposed solutions claim to perform load monitoring without intrusion, but they are not completely non-intrusive. These methods require historical appliance-level data for training the model for each of the devices. This data is…
This work presents a non-intrusive surrogate modeling scheme based on machine learning technology for predictive modeling of complex systems, described by parametrized time-dependent PDEs. For these problems, typical finite element approaches involve the spatiotemporal discretization of the PDE and the solution of the corresponding linear system of equations at each time step. Instead, the proposed method utilizes a convolutional autoencoder in conjunction with a feed forward neural network to establish a low-cost and accurate mapping from the problem's parametric space to its solution space. …
International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad（海得拉巴国际信息技术学院）
Individual device loads and energy consumption feedback is one of the important approaches for pursuing users to save energy in residences. This can help in identifying faulty devices and wasted energy by devices when left On unused. The main challenge is to identity and estimate the energy consumption of individual devices without intrusive sensors on each device. Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) or energy disaggregation, is a blind source separation problem which requires a system to estimate the electricity usage of individual appliances from the aggregated household energy consumption.…
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；Shandong Normal University（山东师范大学）
Energy disaggregation, also known as non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), challenges the problem of separating the whole-home electricity usage into appliance-specific individual consumptions, which is a typical application of data analysis. {NILM aims to help households understand how the energy is used and consequently tell them how to effectively manage the energy, thus allowing energy efficiency which is considered as one of the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy (i.e., energy efficiency and renewable energy).} Although NILM is unidentifiable, it is widely believed that the NILM pr…
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is essential for understanding customer's power consumption patterns and may find wide applications like carbon emission reduction and energy conservation. The training of NILM models requires massive load data containing different types of appliances. However, inadequate load data and the risk of power consumer privacy breaches may be encountered by local data owners during the NILM model training. To prevent such potential risks, a novel NILM method named Fed-NILM which is based on Federated Learning (FL) is proposed in this paper. In Fed-NILM, local mode…
Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a well-known single-channel blind source separation problem that aims to decompose the household energy consumption into itemised energy usage of individual appliances. In this way, considerable energy savings could be achieved by enhancing household's awareness of energy usage. Recent investigations have shown that deep neural networks (DNNs) based approaches are promising for the NILM task. Nevertheless, they normally ignore the inherent properties of appliance operations in the network design, potentially leading to implausible results. We are thus mo…
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University（清华大学电气工程系）；Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院信息技术与电气工程系）；Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Southern California（南加州大学工业与系统工程系）；Department of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University（北京交通大学电气工程系）
A convolutional sequence to sequence non-intrusive load monitoring model is proposed in this paper. Gated linear unit convolutional layers are used to extract information from the sequences of aggregate electricity consumption. Residual blocks are also introduced to refine the output of the neural network. The partially overlapped output sequences of the network are averaged to produce the final output of the model. We apply the proposed model to the REDD dataset and compare it with the convolutional sequence to point model in the literature. Results show that the proposed model is able to giv…
University of Klagenfurt（克拉根福大学）；Simon Fraser University（西蒙弗雷泽大学）
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) comprises of a set of techniques that provide insights into the energy consumption of households and industrial facilities. Latest contributions show significant improvements in terms of accuracy and generalisation abilities. Despite all progress made concerning disaggregation techniques, performance evaluation and comparability remains an open research question. The lack of standardisation and consensus on evaluation procedures makes reproducibility and comparability extremely difficult. In this paper, we draw attention to comparability in NILM with a focu…
Disentangled Latent Spaces for Reduced Order Models using Deterministic Autoencoders
Institute for Fluid Dynamics and Ship Theory, Hamburg University of Technology（汉堡工业大学流体动力学与船舶理论研究所）；Institute of Mathematics, Hamburg University of Technology（汉堡工业大学数学研究所）
University of Klagenfurt（克拉根福大学）；University of Ghent（根特大学）；Simon Fraser University（西蒙弗雷泽大学）
To assess the performance of load disaggregation algorithms it is common practise to train a candidate algorithm on data from one or multiple households and subsequently apply cross-validation by evaluating the classification and energy estimation performance on unseen portions of the dataset derived from the same households. With an emerging discussion of transferability in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), there is a need for domain-specific metrics to assess the performance of NILM algorithms on new test scenarios being unseen buildings. In this paper, we discuss several metrics to asse…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳））
Smart meter devices enable a better understanding of the demand at the potential risk of private information leakage. One promising solution to mitigating such risk is to inject noises into the meter data to achieve a certain level of differential privacy. In this paper, we cast one-shot non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) in the compressive sensing framework, and bridge the gap between theoretical accuracy of NILM inference and differential privacy's parameters. We then derive the valid theoretical bounds to offer insights on how the differential privacy parameters affect the NILM performanc…
Prompting Large Language Models for Training-Free Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring
Southern University of Science；Technology \& Peng Cheng Laboratory；The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen；The Hong Kong University of Science；Tsinghua University
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is the task of disaggregating the total power consumption into its individual sub-components. Over the years, signal processing and machine learning algorithms have been combined to achieve this. A lot of publications and extensive research works are performed on energy disaggregation or NILM for the state-of-the-art methods to reach on the desirable performance. The initial interest of the scientific community to formulate and describe mathematically the NILM problem using machine learning tools has now shifted into a more practical NILM. Nowadays, we are …
Energy disaggregation, known in the literature as Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), is the task of inferring the energy consumption of each appliance given the aggregate signal recorded by a single smart meter. In this paper, we propose a novel two-stage optimization-based approach for energy disaggregation. In the first phase, a small training set consisting of disaggregated power profiles is used to estimate the parameters and the power states by solving a mixed integer programming problem. Once the model parameters are estimated, the energy disaggregation problem is formulated as a cons…
Automated Machine Learning: A Case Study on Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring
Department of Computer Science University of Colorado Colorado Springs（计算机科学系，科罗拉多州立大学）；School of Computation, Information, and Technology (CIT) Technical University of Munich（计算、信息与技术学院（CIT），慕尼黑技术大学）；School of CIT Technical University of Munich（计算、信息与技术学院，慕尼黑技术大学）；Software AG Munich, Germany（软件AG，德国慕尼黑）；School of CIT and MDSI Technical University of Munich（计算、信息与技术学院和MDSI，慕尼黑技术大学）
Energy disaggregation, known in the literature as Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), is the task of inferring the power demand of the individual appliances given the aggregate power demand recorded by a single smart meter which monitors multiple appliances. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network that combines a regression subnetwork with a classification subnetwork for solving the NILM problem. Specifically, we improve the generalization capability of the overall architecture by including an encoder-decoder with a tailored attention mechanism in the regression subnetwork. The atten…
School of Computer Electronics and Information, Guangxi University（广西大学计算机与电子信息学院）；Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communication and Network Technology, Guangxi University（广西大学广西多媒体通信与网络技术重点实验室）；School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University（广西大学电气工程学院）；Guangxi Key Laboratory of Power System Optimization and Energy Technology, Guangxi University（广西大学广西电力系统优化与能源技术重点实验室）
Non Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) or Energy Disaggregation (ED), seeks to save energy by decomposing corresponding appliances power reading from an aggregate power reading of the whole house. It is a single channel blind source separation problem (SCBSS) and difficult prediction problem because it is unidentifiable. Recent research shows that deep learning has become a growing popularity for NILM problem. The ability of neural networks to extract load features is closely related to its depth. However, deep neural network is difficult to train because of exploding gradient, vanishing gradien…
College of Computer Science, Chongqing University（重庆大学计算机科学学院）；School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland（奥克兰大学计算机科学学院）；School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学网络空间安全学院）；Southeast Institute of Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学东南信息技术研究院）；Strong AI Lab, The University of Auckland（奥克兰大学强人工智能实验室）；Defence Industry Secrecy Examination and Certification Center（国防工业保密审查认证中心）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学计算机科学与工程学院）
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) aims to decompose aggregated electrical usage signal into appliance-specific power consumption and it amounts to a classical example of blind source separation tasks. Leveraging recent progress on deep learning techniques, we design a new neural NILM model Multi-State Dual CNN (MSDC). Different from previous models, MSDC explicitly extracts information about the appliance's multiple states and state transitions, which in turn regulates the prediction of signals for appliances. More specifically, we employ a dual-CNN architecture: one CNN for outputting stat…
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) as the process of extracting the usage pattern of appliances from the aggregated power signal is among successful approaches aiding residential energy management. In recent years, high volume datasets on power profiles have become available, which has helped make classification methods employed for the NILM purpose more effective and more accurate. However, the presence of multi-mode appliances and appliances with close power values have remained influential in worsening the computational complexity and diminishing the accuracy of these algorithms. To tackl…
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳））
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) aims at decomposing the total reading of the household power consumption into appliance-wise ones, which is beneficial for consumer behavior analysis as well as energy conservation. NILM based on deep learning has been a focus of research. To train a better neural network, it is necessary for the network to be fed with massive data containing various appliances and reflecting consumer behavior habits. Therefore, data cooperation among utilities and DNOs (distributed network operators) who own the NILM data has been increasingly significant. During the coope…
Encored Technologies（Encored科技公司）；Sungkyunkwan University（成均馆大学）；Seoul National University（首尔国立大学）
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), also known as energy disaggregation, is a blind source separation problem where a household's aggregate electricity consumption is broken down into electricity usages of individual appliances. In this way, the cost and trouble of installing many measurement devices over numerous household appliances can be avoided, and only one device needs to be installed. The problem has been well-known since Hart's seminal paper in 1992, and recently significant performance improvements have been achieved by adopting deep networks. In this work, we focus on the idea tha…
Non-intrusive reduced order modeling of natural convection in porous media using convolutional autoencoders: comparison with linear subspace techniques
Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；Catholic University of the Sacred Heart（圣心天主教大学）；Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）；Los Alamos National Laboratory（洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室）；Sandia National Laboratories（桑迪亚国家实验室）
University of Central Florida（中佛罗里达大学）；University of Ottawa（渥太华大学）
Data is the fuel of data science and machine learning techniques for smart grid applications, similar to many other fields. However, the availability of data can be an issue due to privacy concerns, data size, data quality, and so on. To this end, in this paper, we propose a Variational AutoEncoder Generative Adversarial Network (VAE-GAN) as a smart grid data generative model which is capable of learning various types of data distributions and generating plausible samples from the same distribution without performing any prior analysis on the data before the training phase.We compared the Kull…
Energy disaggregation is the task of segregating the aggregate energy of the entire building (as logged by the smartmeter) into the energy consumed by individual appliances. This is a single channel (the only channel being the smart-meter) blind source (different electrical appliances) separation problem. The traditional way to address this is via stochastic finite state machines (e.g. Factorial Hidden Markov Model). In recent times dictionary learning based approaches have shown promise in addressing the disaggregation problem. The usual technique is to learn a dictionary for every device and…
Università Politecnica delle Marche（马尔凯理工大学）；University of Lincoln（林肯大学）
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a technique to recover source appliances from only the recorded mains in a household. NILM is unidentifiable and thus a challenge problem because the inferred power value of an appliance given only the mains could not be unique. To mitigate the unidentifiable problem, various methods incorporating domain knowledge into NILM have been proposed and shown effective experimentally. Recently, among these methods, deep neural networks are shown performing best. Arguably, the recently proposed sequence-to-point (seq2point) learning is promising for NILM. Howeve…
Energy disaggregation or nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM), is a single-input blind source discrimination problem, aims to interpret the mains user electricity consumption into appliance level measurement. This article presents a new approach for power disaggregation by using a deep recurrent long short term memory (LSTM) network combined with convolutional neural networks (CNN). Deep neural networks have been shown to be a significant way for these types of problems because of their complexity and huge number of trainable paramters. Hybrid method that proposed in the article could significa…
