In this work, we design a fully complex-valued neural network for the task of iris recognition. Unlike the problem of general object recognition, where real-valued neural networks can be used to extract pertinent features, iris recognition depends on the extraction of both phase and magnitude information from the input iris texture in order to better represent its biometric content. This necessitates the extraction and processing of phase information that cannot be effectively handled by a real-valued neural network. In this regard, we design a fully complex-valued neural network that can better capture the multi-scale, multi-resolution, and multi-orientation phase and amplitude features of the iris texture. We show a strong correspondence of the proposed complex-valued iris recognition network with Gabor wavelets that are used to generate the classical IrisCode; however, the proposed method enables a new capability of automatic complex-valued feature learning that is tailored for iris recognition. We conduct experiments on three benchmark datasets - ND-CrossSensor-2013, CASIA-Iris-Thousand and UBIRIS.v2 - and show the benefit of the proposed network for the task of iris recognition. We exploit visualization schemes to convey how the complex-valued network, when compared to standard real-valued networks, extracts fundamentally different features from the iris texture.
Hunan First Normal University（湖南第一师范学院）；Southeast University（东南大学）；National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）
Iris recognition is a secure biometric technology known for its stability and privacy. With no two irises being identical and little change throughout a person's lifetime, iris recognition is considered more reliable and less susceptible to external factors than other biometric recognition methods. Unlike traditional machine learning-based iris recognition methods, deep learning technology does not rely on feature engineering and boasts excellent performance. This paper collects 120 relevant papers to summarize the development of iris recognition based on deep learning. We first introduce the …
This paper proposes the first known to us open source hardware and software iris recognition system with presentation attack detection (PAD), which can be easily assembled for about 75 USD using Raspberry Pi board and a few peripherals. The primary goal of this work is to offer a low-cost baseline for spoof-resistant iris recognition, which may (a) stimulate research in iris PAD and allow for easy prototyping of secure iris recognition systems, (b) offer a low-cost secure iris recognition alternative to more sophisticated systems, and (c) serve as an educational platform. We propose a lightwei…
University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校）；University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）
Iris recognition is one of the most important biometric recognition method. This is because the iris texture provides many features such as freckles, coronas, stripes, furrows, crypts, etc. Those features are unique for different people and distinguishable. Such unique features in the anatomical structure of the iris make it possible the differentiation among individuals. So during last years huge number of people have been trying to improve its performance. In this article first different common steps for the Iris recognition system is explained. Then a special type of neural network is used …
Iris recognition has drawn a lot of attention since the mid-twentieth century. Among all biometric features, iris is known to possess a rich set of features. Different features have been used to perform iris recognition in the past. In this paper, two powerful sets of features are introduced to be used for iris recognition: scattering transform-based features and textural features. PCA is also applied on the extracted features to reduce the dimensionality of the feature vector while preserving most of the information of its initial value. Minimum distance classifier is used to perform template…
University of Salzburg（萨尔茨堡大学）；Federal University of Tocantins（托坎廷斯联邦大学）；Halmstad University（哈尔姆斯塔德大学）
The use of low-resolution images adopting more relaxed acquisition conditions such as mobile phones and surveillance videos is becoming increasingly common in iris recognition nowadays. Concurrently, a great variety of single image super-resolution techniques are emerging, especially with the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The main objective of these methods is to try to recover finer texture details generating more photo-realistic images based on the optimisation of an objective function depending basically on the CNN architecture and training approach. In this work, the authors…
Research and Academic Computer Network NASK（科研与学术计算机网络NASK）；University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper proposes an end-to-end iris recognition method designed specifically for post-mortem samples, and thus serving as a perfect application for iris biometrics in forensics. To our knowledge, it is the first method specific for verification of iris samples acquired after demise. We have fine-tuned a convolutional neural network-based segmentation model with a large set of diversified iris data (including post-mortem and diseased eyes), and combined Gabor kernels with newly designed, iris-specific kernels learnt by Siamese networks. The resulting method significantly outperforms the exis…
Research and Academic Computer Network NASK（研究与学术计算机网络（NASK））；University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper presents a comprehensive study of post-mortem human iris recognition carried out for 1,200 near-infrared and 1,787 visible-light samples collected from 37 deceased individuals kept in the mortuary conditions. We used four independent iris recognition methods (three commercial and one academic) to analyze genuine and impostor comparison scores and check the dynamics of iris quality decay over a period of up to 814 hours after death. This study shows that post-mortem iris recognition may be close-to-perfect approximately 5 to 7 hours after death and occasionally is still viable even 2…
Most iris recognition pipelines involve three stages: segmenting into iris/non-iris pixels, normalization the iris region to a fixed area, and extracting relevant features for comparison. Given recent advances in deep learning it is prudent to ask which stages are required for accurate iris recognition. Lojez et al. (IWBF 2019) recently concluded that the segmentation stage is still crucial for good accuracy.We ask if normalization is beneficial? Towards answering this question, we develop a new iris recognition system called ThirdEye based on triplet convolutional neural networks (Schroff et …
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；CRIPAC CASIA（中国科学院自动化研究所模式识别国家重点实验室（CRIPAC））；NLPR CASIA（中国科学院自动化研究所国家模式识别实验室）
Iris recognition is a reliable personal identification method but there is still much room to improve its accuracy especially in less-constrained situations. For example, free movement of head pose may cause large rotation difference between iris images. And illumination variations may cause irregular distortion of iris texture. To match intra-class iris images with head rotation robustly, the existing solutions usually need a precise alignment operation by exhaustive search within a determined range in iris image preprosessing or brute force searching the minimum Hamming distance in iris feat…
The principle of Photo Response Non-Uniformity (PRNU) is used to link an image with its source, i.e., the sensor that produced it. In this work, we investigate if it is possible to modify an iris image acquired using one sensor in order to spoof the PRNU noise pattern of a different sensor. In this regard, we develop an image perturbation routine that iteratively modifies blocks of pixels in the original iris image such that its PRNU pattern approaches that of a target sensor. Experiments indicate the efficacy of the proposed perturbation method in spoofing PRNU patterns present in an iris ima…
Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK)（研究与学术计算机网络（NASK））；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper presents a database of iris images collected from disease affected eyes and an analysis related to the influence of ocular diseases on iris recognition reliability. For that purpose we have collected a database of iris images acquired for 91 different eyes during routine ophthalmology visits. This collection gathers samples for healthy eyes as well as those with various eye pathologies, including cataract, acute glaucoma, posterior and anterior synechiae, retinal detachment, rubeosis iridis, corneal vascularization, corneal grafting, iris damage and atrophy and corneal ulcers, haze …
Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK)（研究与学术计算机网络（NASK））；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper presents an analysis of how iris recognition is influenced by eye disease and an appropriate dataset comprising 2996 images of irises taken from 230 distinct eyes (including 184 affected by more than 20 different eye conditions). The images were collected in near infrared and visible light during routine ophthalmological examination. The experimental study carried out utilizing four independent iris recognition algorithms (MIRLIN, VeriEye, OSIRIS and IriCore) renders four valuable results. First, the enrollment process is highly sensitive to those eye conditions that obstruct the ir…
University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙工业大学）；PayEye Poland（波兰佩耶公司）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）；Indiana University Indianapolis（印第安纳大学印第安纳波利斯分校）
Research and Academic Computer Network（研究与学术计算机网络）；University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
Post-mortem iris recognition can offer an additional forensic method of personal identification. However, in contrary to already well-established human examination of fingerprints, making iris recognition human-interpretable is harder, and therefore it has never been applied in forensic proceedings. There is no strong consensus among biometric experts which iris features, especially those in iris images acquired post-mortem, are the most important for human experts solving an iris recognition task. This paper explores two ways of broadening this knowledge: (a) with an eye tracker, the salient …
Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学计算机与信息科学学院）；XLAB d.o.o.（XLAB有限责任公司）；Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学电气工程学院）
Despite the rise of deep learning in numerous areas of computer vision and image processing, iris recognition has not benefited considerably from these trends so far. Most of the existing research on deep iris recognition is focused on new models for generating discriminative and robust iris representations and relies on methodologies akin to traditional iris recognition pipelines. Hence, the proposed models do not approach iris recognition in an end-to-end manner, but rather use standard heuristic iris segmentation (and unwrapping) techniques to produce normalized inputs for the deep learning…
Research and Academic Computer Network（研究与学术计算机网络）；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper presents an analysis of how the iris recognition is impacted by eye diseases and an appropriate dataset comprising 2996 iris images of 230 distinct eyes (including 184 illness-affected eyes representing more than 20 different eye conditions). The images were collected in near infrared and visible light during a routine ophthalmological practice. The experimental study shows four valuable results. First, the enrollment process is highly sensitive to those eye conditions that make the iris obstructed or introduce geometrical distortions. Second, even those conditions that do not produ…
Gabor kernels are widely accepted as dominant filters for iris recognition. In this work we investigate, given the current interest in neural networks, if Gabor kernels are the only family of functions performing best in iris recognition, or if better filters can be learned directly from iris data. We use (on purpose) a single-layer convolutional neural network as it mimics an iris code-based algorithm. We learn two sets of data-driven kernels; one starting from randomly initialized weights and the other from open-source set of Gabor kernels. Through experimentation, we show that the network d…
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur（印度理工学院克勒格布尔分校）
In this paper, we present a texture aware lightweight deep learning framework for iris recognition. Our contributions are primarily three fold. Firstly, to address the dearth of labelled iris data, we propose a reconstruction loss guided unsupervised pre-training stage followed by supervised refinement. This drives the network weights to focus on discriminative iris texture patterns. Next, we propose several texture aware improvisations inside a Convolution Neural Net to better leverage iris textures. Finally, we show that our systematic training and architectural choices enable us to design a…
Research and Academic Computer Network（研究与学术计算机网络）；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper presents a unique study of post-mortem human iris recognition and the first known to us database of near-infrared and visible-light iris images of deceased humans collected up to almost 17 days after death. We used four different iris recognition methods to analyze the dynamics of iris quality decay in short-term comparisons (samples collected up to 60 hours after death) and long-term comparisons (for samples acquired up to 407 hours after demise). This study shows that post-mortem iris recognition is possible and occasionally works even 17 days after death. These conclusions contra…
National Institute of Technology Rourkela（鲁尔克拉国家理工学院）
This paper proposes an efficient three fold stratified SIFT matching for iris recognition. The objective is to filter wrongly paired conventional SIFT matches. In Strata I, the keypoints from gallery and probe iris images are paired using traditional SIFT approach. Due to high image similarity at different regions of iris there may be some impairments. These are detected and filtered by finding gradient of paired keypoints in Strata II. Further, the scaling factor of paired keypoints is used to remove impairments in Strata III. The pairs retained after Strata III are likely to be potential mat…
Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK)（研究与学术计算机网络（NASK））；University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）
Iris recognition is increasingly used in large-scale applications. As a result, presentation attack detection for iris recognition takes on fundamental importance. This survey covers the diverse research literature on this topic. Different categories of presentation attack are described and placed in an application-relevant framework, and the state of the art in detecting each category of attack is summarized. One conclusion from this is that presentation attack detection for iris recognition is not yet a solved problem. Datasets available for research are described, research directions for th…
Research and Academic Computer Network（研究与学术计算机网络）；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）
With the recent shift towards mobile computing, new challenges for biometric authentication appear on the horizon. This paper provides a comprehensive study of cross-spectral iris recognition in a scenario, in which high quality color images obtained with a mobile phone are used against enrollment images collected in typical, near-infrared setups. Grayscale conversion of the color images that employs selective RGB channel choice depending on the iris coloration is shown to improve the recognition accuracy for some combinations of eye colors and matching software, when compared to using the red…
Indian Institute Of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院克勒格布尔分校）
This paper presents a texture aware end-to-end trainable iris recognition system, specifically designed for datasets like iris having limited training data. We build upon our previous stagewise learning framework with certain key optimization and architectural innovations. First, we pretrain a Stage-1 encoder network with an unsupervised autoencoder learning optimized with an additional data relation loss on top of usual reconstruction loss. The data relation loss enables learning better texture representation which is pivotal for a texture rich dataset such as iris. Robustness of Stage-1 feat…
Research and Academic Computer Network（研究与学术计算机网络）；University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper proposes the first known to us iris recognition methodology designed specifically for post-mortem samples. We propose to use deep learning-based iris segmentation models to extract highly irregular iris texture areas in post-mortem iris images. We show how to use segmentation masks predicted by neural networks in conventional, Gabor-based iris recognition method, which employs circular approximations of the pupillary and limbic iris boundaries. As a whole, this method allows for a significant improvement in post-mortem iris recognition accuracy over the methods designed only for ant…
University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；Research and Academic Computer Network（研究与学术计算机网络）
This paper offers three new, open-source, deep learning-based iris segmentation methods, and the methodology how to use irregular segmentation masks in a conventional Gabor-wavelet-based iris recognition. To train and validate the methods, we used a wide spectrum of iris images acquired by different teams and different sensors and offered publicly, including data taken from CASIA-Iris-Interval-v4, BioSec, ND-Iris-0405, UBIRIS, Warsaw-BioBase-Post-Mortem-Iris v2.0 (post-mortem iris images), and ND-TWINS-2009-2010 (iris images acquired from identical twins). This varied training data should incr…
Extracting and analyzing iris textures for biometric recognition has been extensively studied. As the transition of iris recognition from lab technology to nation-scale applications, most systems are facing high complexity in either time or space, leading to unfitness for embedded devices. In this paper, the proposed design includes a minimal set of computer vision modules and multi-mode QC-LDPC decoder which can alleviate variability and noise caused by iris acquisition and follow-up process. Several classes of QC-LDPC code from IEEE 802.16 are tested for the validity of accuracy improvement.…
Iris Recognition (IR) is one of the market's most reliable and accurate biometric systems. Today, it is challenging to build NIR-capturing devices under the premise of hardware price reduction. Commercial NIR sensors are protected from modification. The process of building a new device is not trivial because it is required to start from scratch with the process of capturing images with quality, calibrating operational distances, and building lightweight software such as eyes/iris detectors and segmentation sub-systems. In light of such challenges, this work aims to develop and implement iris r…
Forensic iris recognition, as opposed to live iris recognition, is an emerging research area that leverages the discriminative power of iris biometrics to aid human examiners in their efforts to identify deceased persons. As a machine learning-based technique in a predominantly human-controlled task, forensic recognition serves as "back-up" to human expertise in the task of post-mortem identification. As such, the machine learning model must be (a) interpretable, and (b) post-mortem-specific, to account for changes in decaying eye tissue. In this work, we propose a method that satisfies both r…
Research and Academic Computer Network（研究与学术计算机网络）；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper presents a unique analysis of post-mortem human iris recognition. Post-mortem human iris images were collected at the university mortuary in three sessions separated by approximately 11 hours, with the first session organized from 5 to 7 hours after demise. Analysis performed for four independent iris recognition methods shows that the common claim of the iris being useless for biometric identification soon after death is not entirely true. Since the pupil has a constant and neutral dilation after death (the so called "cadaveric position"), this makes the iris pattern perfectly visi…
Federal University of Tocantins（托坎廷斯联邦大学）；Halmstad University（哈尔姆斯塔德大学）
Several recent works have addressed the ability of deep learning to disclose rich, hierarchical and discriminative models for the most diverse purposes. Specifically in the super-resolution field, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) using different deep learning approaches attempt to recover realistic texture and fine grained details from low resolution images. In this work we explore the viability of these approaches for iris Super-Resolution (SR) in an iris recognition environment. For this, we test different architectures with and without a so called image re-projection to reduce artifacts…
Impact of Iris Pigmentation on Performance Bias in Visible Iris Verification Systems: A Comparative Study
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi（印度曼迪理工学院）；Technology Innovation Hub, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi（印度曼迪理工学院技术创新中心）；Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)（挪威科技大学）
Halmstad University（哈尔姆斯塔德大学）；University of Malta（马耳他大学）
Current research in iris recognition is moving towards enabling more relaxed acquisition conditions. This has effects on the quality of acquired images, with low resolution being a predominant issue. Here, we evaluate a super-resolution algorithm used to reconstruct iris images based on Eigen-transformation of local image patches. Each patch is reconstructed separately, allowing better quality of enhanced images by preserving local information. Contrast enhancement is used to improve the reconstruction quality, while matcher fusion has been adopted to improve iris recognition performance. We v…
Biometric Recognition Group - ATVS, Escuela Politecnica Superior, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学高等理工学院生物特征识别组）
Biometric methods based on iris images are believed to allow very high accuracy, and there has been an explosion of interest in iris biometrics in recent years. In this paper, we use the Scale Invariant Feature Transformation (SIFT) for recognition using iris images. Contrarily to traditional iris recognition systems, the SIFT approach does not rely on the transformation of the iris pattern to polar coordinates or on highly accurate segmentation, allowing less constrained image acquisition conditions. We extract characteristic SIFT feature points in scale space and perform matching based on th…
Spiru Haret University of Bucharest（布加勒斯特斯皮鲁·哈雷特大学）；University of Bath（巴斯大学）
A new approach in iris recognition based on Circular Fuzzy Iris Segmentation (CFIS) and Gabor Analytic Iris Texture Binary Encoder (GAITBE) is proposed and tested here. CFIS procedure is designed to guarantee that similar iris segments will be obtained for similar eye images, despite the fact that the degree of occlusion may vary from one image to another. Its result is a circular iris ring (concentric with the pupil) which approximates the actual iris. GAITBE proves better encoding of statistical independence between the iris codes extracted from different irides using Hilbert Transform. Irid…
Islamic Azad University Mashhad Branch（伊斯兰阿扎德大学马什哈德分校）；Ferdowsi University of Mashhad（马什哈德费尔多西大学）
The selection of the optimal feature subset and the classification has become an important issue in the field of iris recognition. In this paper we propose several methods for iris feature subset selection and vector creation. The deterministic feature sequence is extracted from the iris image by using the contourlet transform technique. Contourlet transform captures the intrinsic geometrical structures of iris image. It decomposes the iris image into a set of directional sub-bands with texture details captured in different orientations at various scales so for reducing the feature vector dime…
Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）；Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK)（研究与学术计算机网络（NASK））；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）
This chapter provides insight on how iris recognition, one of the leading biometric identification technologies in the world, can be impacted by pathologies and illnesses present in the eye, what are the possible repercussions of this influence, and what are the possible means for taking such effects into account when matching iris samples. To make this study possible, a special database of iris images has been used, representing more than 20 different medical conditions of the ocular region (including cataract, glaucoma, rubeosis iridis, synechiae, iris defects, corneal pathologies and other)…
Federal University of Paraná (UFPR)（巴拉那联邦大学）；Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP)（欧鲁普雷图联邦大学）；Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR)（巴拉那天主教大学）
The use of iris as a biometric trait is widely used because of its high level of distinction and uniqueness. Nowadays, one of the major research challenges relies on the recognition of iris images obtained in visible spectrum under unconstrained environments. In this scenario, the acquired iris are affected by capture distance, rotation, blur, motion blur, low contrast and specular reflection, creating noises that disturb the iris recognition systems. Besides delineating the iris region, usually preprocessing techniques such as normalization and segmentation of noisy iris images are employed t…
Modern deep learning techniques can be employed to generate effective feature extractors for the task of iris recognition. The question arises: should we train such structures from scratch on a relatively large iris image dataset, or it is better to fine-tune the existing models to adapt them to a new domain? In this work we explore five different sets of weights for the popular ResNet-50 architecture to find out whether iris-specific feature extractors perform better than models trained for non-iris tasks. Features are extracted from each convolutional layer and the classification accuracy ac…
Mansoura University（曼苏拉大学）；Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences（计算机与信息科学学院）
Iris recognition is considered as one of the best biometric methods used for human identification and verification, this is because of its unique features that differ from one person to another, and its importance in the security field. This paper proposes an algorithm for iris recognition and classification using a system based on Local Binary Pattern and histogram properties as a statistical approaches for feature extraction, and Combined Learning Vector Quantization Classifier as Neural Network approach for classification, in order to build a hybrid model depends on both features. The local…
In recent years, cross-spectral iris recognition has emerged as a promising biometric approach to establish the identity of individuals. However, matching iris images acquired at different spectral bands (i.e., matching a visible (VIS) iris probe to a gallery of near-infrared (NIR) iris images or vice versa) shows a significant performance degradation when compared to intraband NIR matching. Hence, in this paper, we have investigated a range of deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) architectures to further improve the accuracy of cross-spectral iris recognition methods. Mor…
ImmerIris: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Off-Axis and Unconstrained Iris Recognition in Immersive Applications
Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing（上海智能信息处理关键实验室）；Fudan University（复旦大学）；Huaiyin Normal University（淮阴师范学院）；Zhengzhou University of Light Industry（郑州轻工业学院）；Tongji University（同济大学）
Iris recognition systems are a mature technology that is widely used throughout the world. In identification (as opposed to verification) mode, an iris to be recognized is typically matched against all N enrolled irises. This is the classic "1-to-N search". In order to improve the speed of large-scale identification, a modified "1-to-First" search has been used in some operational systems. A 1-to-First search terminates with the first below-threshold match that is found, whereas a 1-to-N search always finds the best match across all enrollments. We know of no previous studies that evaluate how…
Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK)（研究与学术计算机网络（NASK））；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）；University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper presents the most comprehensive analysis of iris recognition reliability in the occurrence of various biological processes happening naturally and pathologically in the human body, including aging, illnesses, and post-mortem changes to date. Insightful conclusions are offered in relation to all three of these aspects. Extensive regression analysis of the template aging phenomenon shows that differences in pupil dilation, combined with certain quality factors of the sample image and the progression of time itself can significantly degrade recognition accuracy. Impactful effects can a…
Binarized statistical image features (BSIF) have been successfully used for texture analysis in many computer vision tasks, including iris recognition and biometric presentation attack detection. One important point is that all applications of BSIF in iris recognition have used the original BSIF filters, which were trained on image patches extracted from natural images. This paper tests the question of whether domain-specific BSIF can give better performance than the default BSIF. The second important point is in the selection of image patches to use in training for BSIF. Can image patches der…
Research and Academic Computer Network（研究与学术计算机网络）；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）
This paper delivers a new database of iris images collected in visible light using a mobile phone's camera and presents results of experiments involving existing commercial and open-source iris recognition methods, namely: IriCore, VeriEye, MIRLIN and OSIRIS. Several important observations are made. First, we manage to show that after simple preprocessing, such images offer good visibility of iris texture even in heavily-pigmented irides. Second, for all four methods, the enrollment stage is not much affected by the fact that different type of data is used as input. This translates to zero or …
Iris recognition has emerged as one of the most accurate and convenient biometric for the human identification and has been increasingly employed in a wide range of e-security applications. The quality of iris images acquired at-a-distance or under less constrained imaging environments is known to degrade the iris matching accuracy. The periocular information is inherently embedded in such iris images and can be exploited to assist in the iris recognition under such non-ideal scenarios. Our analysis of such iris templates also indicates significant degradation and reduction in the region of in…
University of Tehran（德黑兰大学）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；Henry Ford Hospital（亨利福特医院）
Recognition of iris based on Visible Light (VL) imaging is a difficult problem because of the light reflection from the cornea. Nonetheless, pigment melanin provides a rich feature source in VL, unavailable in Near-Infrared (NIR) imaging. This is due to biological spectroscopy of eumelanin, a chemical not stimulated in NIR. In this case, a plausible solution to observe such patterns may be provided by an adaptive procedure using a variational technique on the image histogram. To describe the patterns, a shape analysis method is used to derive feature-code for each subject. An important questio…
Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK)（研究与学术计算机网络（NASK））
This paper advances the state of the art in human examination of iris images by (1) assessing the impact of different iris conditions in identity verification, and (2) introducing an annotation step that improves the accuracy of people's decisions. In a first experimental session, 114 subjects were asked to decide if pairs of iris images depict the same eye (genuine pairs) or two distinct eyes (impostor pairs). The image pairs sampled six conditions: (1) easy for algorithms to classify, (2) difficult for algorithms to classify, (3) large difference in pupil dilation, (4) disease-affected eyes,…
Research and Academic Computer Network（研究与学术计算机网络）；Warsaw University of Technology（华沙理工大学）；Medical University of Warsaw（华沙医科大学）
This paper presents the experimental study revealing weaker performance of the automatic iris recognition methods for cataract-affected eyes when compared to healthy eyes. There is little research on the topic, mostly incorporating scarce databases that are often deficient in images representing more than one illness. We built our own database, acquiring 1288 eye images of 37 patients of the Medical University of Warsaw. Those images represent several common ocular diseases, such as cataract, along with less ordinary conditions, such as iris pattern alterations derived from illness or eye trau…
Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD（弗劳恩霍夫计算机图形研究所 IGD）；TU Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）
With the widespread use of biometric systems, the demographic bias problem raises more attention. Although many studies addressed bias issues in biometric verification, there are no works that analyze the bias in presentation attack detection (PAD) decisions. Hence, we investigate and analyze the demographic bias in iris PAD algorithms in this paper. To enable a clear discussion, we adapt the notions of differential performance and differential outcome to the PAD problem. We study the bias in iris PAD using three baselines (hand-crafted, transfer-learning, and training from scratch) using the …
This paper proposes a neural network approach based on Error Back Propagation (EBP) for classification of different eye images. To reduce the complexity of layered neural network the dimensions of input vectors are optimized using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The main of this work is to provide for best method for feature extraction and classification. The details of this combined system named as SVD-EBP system, and results thereof are presented in this paper. Keywords- Singular value decomposition(SVD), Error back Propagation(EBP).
This paper proposes the first, known to us, open source presentation attack detection (PAD) solution to distinguish between authentic iris images (possibly wearing clear contact lenses) and irises with textured contact lenses. This software can serve as a baseline in various PAD evaluations, and also as an open-source platform with an up-to-date reference method for iris PAD. The software is written in C++ and Python and uses only open source resources, such as OpenCV. This method does not incorporate iris image segmentation, which may be problematic for unknown fake samples. Instead, it makes…
In this contribution, the vulnerabilities of iris-based recognition systems to direct attacks are studied. A database of fake iris images has been created from real iris of the BioSec baseline database. Iris images are printed using a commercial printer and then, presented at the iris sensor. We use for our experiments a publicly available iris recognition system, which some modifications to improve the iris segmentation step. Based on results achieved on different operational scenarios, we show that the system is vulnerable to direct attacks, pointing out the importance of having countermeasu…
New York University（纽约大学）；University of California, Riverside（加州大学河滨分校）
Iris recognition has been an active research area during last few decades, because of its wide applications in security, from airports to homeland security border control. Different features and algorithms have been proposed for iris recognition in the past. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep learning framework for iris recognition based on residual convolutional neural network (CNN), which can jointly learn the feature representation and perform recognition. We train our model on a well-known iris recognition dataset using only a few training images from each class, and show promisi…
Queensland University of Technology（昆士兰科技大学）；University of Beira Interior（贝拉内格罗大学）；Instituto de Telecomunicações（电信研究所）；Halmstad University（哈尔姆斯塔德大学）
In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of more than 200 papers, technical reports, and GitHub repositories published over the last 10 years on the recent developments of deep learning techniques for iris recognition, covering broad topics on algorithm designs, open-source tools, open challenges, and emerging research. First, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of deep learning techniques developed for two main sub-tasks in iris biometrics: segmentation and recognition. Second, we focus on deep learning techniques for the robustness of iris recognition systems against presentation at…
Shahed University（沙希德大学）；Eslamshahr Azad University（埃斯兰沙赫尔阿扎德大学）
As a stable biometric system, iris has recently attracted great attention among the researchers. However, research is still needed to provide appropriate solutions to ensure the resistance of the system against error factors. The present study has tried to apply a mask to the image so that the unexpected factors affecting the location of the iris can be removed. So, pupil localization will be faster and robust. Then to locate the exact location of the iris, a simple stage of boundary displacement due to the Canny edge detector has been applied. Then, with searching left and right IRIS edge poi…
