Strangeness enhancement and collective flow are considered signatures of the quark gluon plasma formation. These phenomena have been detected not only in relativistic heavy ion collisions but also in high energy, high multiplicity events of proton-proton and proton-nucleus ("small systems") scatterings. Indeed, a universal behavior emerges by considering the parton density in the transverse plane as the dynamical quantity to specify the initial condition of the collisions. On the other hand, $e^+ e^-$ annihilation data at LEP and lower energies indicate that there is no strangeness enhancement and no flow-like effect. We show that the parton density in the transverse plane generated in $e^+ e^-$ annihilation at the available energy is too low to expect such effects. The event-by-event multiplicity where strangeness suppression and flow-like phenomenon could show up in $e^+ e^-$ is evaluated.
Strangeness production was investigated during the equilibration of a gluon dominated parton plasma produced at RHIC and LHC energies. The time evolution of parton densities are followed by a set of rate equations in a 1-dimensional expanding system. The strangeness production will depend on the initial chemical equilibration level and in our case the parton densities will remain far from the full equilibrium. We investigate the influence of gluon fragmentation on final strangeness content.
It is suggested that the recently observed enhancement of the relative yield in $e^+e^-$ annihilation of states with hidden charm and hidden strangeness above 4.43\,GeV is associated with the $S$ wave production of the charmed strange meson pairs $D_{s0}(2317) \bar D_s^* + {\rm c.c.}$ and $D_{s1}^*(2460) \bar D_s+ {\rm c.c.}$. This mechanism implies a pattern of breaking of the Heavy Quark Spin Symmetry (HQSS) that can be tested in the final channels such as $η_c(1S) ϕ$, $h_c(1P) η$, $h_c(1P) η' $ produced in the same energy range.
We extend to the strange quarks and antiquarks, the statistical approach of parton distributions and we calculate the strange quark asymmetry $s-\bar s$. We find that the asymmetry is small, positive in the low $x$ region and negative in the high $x$ region. In this framework, the polarized strange quarks and antiquarks distributions, which are obtained simultaneously, are found to be both negative for all $x$ values.
The threshold behavior of $e^+ e^-$ annihilation is considered in the channels $B_{s0} \bar B_s^* + c.c.$, $B_{s1} \bar B_s + c.c.$, and $B_{s1} \bar B_s^* +c.c.$, where $B_{s0}$ and $B_{s1}$ are the excited bottom-strange $J^P=0^+$ and $J^P = 1^+$ mesons. It is argued that due to the heavy quark spin symmetry (HQSS) only one coherent combination of the first two channels is produced in the $S$ wave as well as the third channel. Thus, if there exist threshold molecular peaks in the considered channels, only two of such peaks can be formed in the annihilation. The properties of such threshold s…
A large apparent violation of the OZI rule has recently been found in many channels in pbar-p annihilation LEAR. An interpretation of these data in terms of the "shake-out" and "rearrangement" of an intrinsic sbar-s component of the nucleon wave function is proposed. This gives a channel-dependent, non-universal modification of the naive OZI prediction. Within this approach, we interpret the strong excess of $ϕ$ production in S-wave pbar-p annihilations in terms of the polarization of the nucleon's sbar-s component indicated by deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering experiments. This interpr…
Apparent channel-dependent violations of the OZI rule in nucleon-antinucleon annihilation reactions are discussed in the presence of an intrinsic strangeness component in the nucleon. Admixture of strange-antistrange quark pairs in the nucleon wave function enables the direct coupling to the phi-meson in the annihilation channel without violating the OZI rule. Three forms are considered in this work for the strangeness content of the proton wave function, namely, the uud cluster with a strange-antistrange sea quark component, kaon-hyperon clusters based on a simple chiral quark model, and the …
The results of the microscopic transport calculations of $\bar p$-nucleus interactions within a GiBUU model are presented. The dominating mechanism of hyperon production is the strangeness exchange processes $\bar K N \to Y π$ and $\bar K N \to ΞK$. The calculated rapidity spectra of $Ξ$ hyperons are significantly shifted to forward rapidities with respect to the spectra of $S=-1$ hyperons. We argue that this shift should be a sensitive test for the possible exotic mechanisms of $\bar p$-nucleus annihilation. The production of the double $Λ$-hypernuclei by $Ξ^-$ interaction with a secondary ta…
The current status of global QCD analysis of parton distribution functions of the nucleon is reviewed. Recent progress made in determining various features of the parton structure of the nucleon, as well as outstanding open questions are discussed. These include: the small-$x$ and large-$x$ behavior of the partons, particularly the gluon; the differentiation of $u$ and $d$ quarks; the strangeness sea ($s+\bar{s}$), the strangeness asymmetry ($s-\bar{s}$); and the heavy quark distributions $c$ and $b$. Important issues about assessing the uncertainties of parton distributions and their physical…
We reexamine the shapes of the strange quark parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton by means of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) analysis of {\hera} deep inelastic scattering cross section measurement at DESY, and inclusive gauge boson production and $W$ boson production associated with a charm quark from LHC at CERN. We find that there is an overall agreement on the strange quark distributions obtained from CMS $W$ + charm and ATLAS $W/Z$ data at the parton momentum fraction range $x \lesssim 10^{-2}$. Meanwhile, there is also a strong tension between these data towards large $x$. We …
Two-step mechanisms in the $N\bar{N}$ annihilation and their role in the OZI rule violating reactions are discussed. In particular the two meson rescattering mechanism for $πϕ$ channel including all off-shell effects is typically two orders of magnitude bigger than the OZI tree level expectation and explains the observed ratio $ϕπ/ωπ$ in the annihilation at rest. The rates for the final states including photons, $γω$ and $γϕ$, can be explained in the vector dominance model. The observed rate for $p\bar{p}\toγω$ is suppressed due to destructive interference between the intermediate $ρ$ and $ω$ …
A large violation of the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule was discovered in the annihilation of stopped antiprotons. The explanation of these experimental data is discussed in the framework of the model assumed that the nucleon strange sea quarks are polarized.
In a companion publication, we have explored how to examine the summation of large logarithms in a parton shower. Here, we apply this general program to the thrust distribution in electron-positron annihilation, using several shower algorithms. The method is to work with an appropriate integral transform of the distribution for the observable of interest. Then, we reformulate the parton shower calculation so as to obtain the transformed distribution as an exponential for which we can compute the terms in the perturbative expansion of the exponent.
We compute annihilation amplitudes for charmless B decays that are proportional to the three-parton twist-3 light meson distribution amplitude phi_{3M}(x1,x2) with an active gluon. Due to an enhancement from a quark propagator at the scale p^2 ~ mbΛ_QCD these terms occur at the same parametric order in alpha_s(mb) and 1/mb as the known leading order annihilation involving fB and twist-2 meson distributions. With our calculation the leading order annihilation amplitude is now complete. At lowest order in alpha_s the amplitudes are real and only O_{5-8} contribute. Using simple models we find th…
We have performed the first global QCD analysis to include the CCFR and NuTeV dimuon data, which provide direct constraints on the strange and anti-strange parton distributions, $s(x)$ and $\bar{s}(x)$. To explore the strangeness sector, we adopt a general parametrization of the non-perturbative $s(x), \bar{s}(x)$ functions satisfying basic QCD requirements. We find that the strangeness asymmetry, as represented by the momentum integral $[S^{-}]\equiv \int_0^1 x [s(x)-\bar{s}(x)] dx$, is sensitive to the dimuon data provided the theoretical QCD constraints are enforced. We use the Lagrange Mul…
We analyse strangeness production in proton-proton (pp) collisions at SPS and RHIC energies, using the recently advanced NeXus approach. After having verified that the model reproduces well the existing data, we interpret the results: strangeness is suppressed in proton-proton collisions at SPS energy as compared to electron-positron (e+e-) annihilation due to the limited masses of the strings produced in the reaction, whereas high energy pp and e+e- collisions agree quantitatively . Thus strangeness suppression at SPS energies is a consequence of the limited phase-space available in string fr…
Baryon-strangeness correlation (C$_{BS}$) has been investigated with a multi-phase transport model (AMPT) in $^{197}$Au + $^{197}$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The centrality dependence of C$_{BS}$ is presented within the model, from partonic phase to hadronic matter. We find that the system still reserve partial predicted signatures of C$_{BS}$ after parton coalescence. But after hadronic rescattering, the predicted signatures will be obliterated completely. So it seems that both coalescence hadronization process and hadronic rescattering are responsible for the disappearance of…
We study the decays into six quarks of off-shell pairs of W bosons produced in electron-positron annihilations, through the O(as^2) order in the strong coupling constant. We give explicit helicity amplitude formulae. We present numerical results in the context of phenomenological analyses of relevance at LEP2 and future Linear Colliders: such as MW determinations, New Physics and Higgs searches.
Exclusive proton-antiproton annihilation into two photons at large s (~10 GeV^2) and |t|,|u| ~ s can be described by a generalized parton picture analogous to the 'soft mechanism' in wide-angle real Compton scattering. The two photons are emitted in the annihilation of a single fast quark and antiquark. The matrix element describing the transition of the p-pbar system to a q-qbar pair can be related to the timelike proton elastic form factors as well as to the quark/antiquark distributions measured in inclusive deep-inelastic scattering. The reaction could be studied with the proposed 1.5-15 G…
We study possible contributions to the Ds^+ -> omega pi^+ and Ds^+ -> rho^0 pi^+ decay amplitudes. The Ds^+ -> omega pi^+ decay amplitude vanishes when the naive factorization is used, while the Ds^+ -> rho^0 pi^+ decay amplitude arises due to the annihilation contribution. We find that amplitudes for both decays might be a result of the internal K, K^* exchange. The Ds^+ -> omega pi^+ amplitude might obtain additional contribution from Ds^+ -> rho^0 eta (eta') re-scattering. The low experimental bound on the Ds^+ -> rho^0 pi^+ rate can be understood as a result of combination of the pi(1300) …
Inclusion of the QED higher order radiative corrections in the two-photon process, e+e- -> e+e- mu+mu-, is examined by means of the structure function and the parton shower. Results are compared with the exact $O(α)$ calculations and give a good agreement. These two methods should be universally applicable to any other non-annihilation processes like the single-W productions in the e+e- collisions. In this case, however, the energy scale for the evolution by the renormalization-group equation should be chosen properly depending on the dominant diagrams for the given process. A method to find t…
We calculate the probability for rapidity gaps in the parton cascade for different approximations within the perturbative QCD and compare the results with recent measurements. The aim is to find out whether the dual connection between the parton and hadron final states -- observed so far in various inclusive measurements -- holds as well for the extreme kinematic configurations with colour sources separated by large rapidity gaps. A description of the data is possible indeed choosing the parameters of the cascade in the range suggested by recent analyses of the energy spectra (the $k_\perp$ cu…
Impact of Baryon anti-Baryon annihilation on hyperon ($Λ$, $\barΛ$) production and apparent strangeness enhancement in $\barΛ/\bar{p}$ in heavy ion collisions at SPS energy
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre（可变能量回旋加速器中心）；Homi Bhabha National Institute（霍米·巴巴国立研究所）
Strangeness enhancement is discussed as a feature specific to relativistic nuclear collisions which create a fireball of strongly interacting matter at high energy density. At very high energy this is suggested to be partonic matter, but at lower energy it should consist of yet unknown hadronic degrees of freedom. The freeze-out of this high density state to a hadron gas can tell us about properties of fireball matter. The hadron gas at the instant of its formation captures conditions directly at the QCD phase boundary at top SPS and RHIC energy, chiefly the critical temperature and energy den…
Strangeness production is calculated in a pQCD-based model (including nuclear effects) in the high transverse momentum sector, where pQCD is expected to work well. We investigate pion, kaon, proton and lambda production in pp and heavy-ion collisions. Parton energy loss in AA collisions is taken into account. We compare strange-to-non-strange meson and baryon ratios to data at RHIC, and make predictions for the LHC. We find that these ratios significantly deviate from unity not only at RHIC but also at the LHC, indicating the special role of strangeness at both energies.
The LHC has already provided many relevant measurements for the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs). Measurements of the W and Z lepton distributions are of interest for flavor separation and in particular for the determination of the relatively poorly constrained strange quark distribution. In this contribution we shall discuss the computational developments that allow for the efficient inclusion of LHC data into the NNPDF framework consistently at NLO for all observables, and we study the constraints of the LHC W and Z data on the strangeness content of the proton.
Due to the long-standing discrepancy between NA35 and NA36 data on $Λ$ production, two drastically different scenarios of strangeness enhancement are still possible. Independent string models, such as the dual parton model, lead to results close to the NA36 data. On the contrary, the NA35 results can only be described by introducing full final state rescattering of the produced particles. The corresponding predictions for central $Pb$-$Pb$ collisions at CERN energies differ by a factor 3 to 4. Preliminary data on the net proton ($p$-$\bar{p}$) rapidity distribution in $Pb$-$Pb$ collisions favo…
Production of strangeness in the low-energy ${\bar p} p$ annihilation is analyzed as a manifestation of the instanton induced multiquark vertex. Approach based on the {\it qualitative} properties of the 't Hooft mechanism provides a unified description of available experimental data on $K$- and $ϕ$-meson production. Crucial tests for the hypothesized mechanism are suggested.
The Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach consistently simulates the full evolution of a relativistic heavy-ion collision from the initial hard scatterings string formation through the dynamical deconfinement phase transition to the quark gluon plasma (QGP), to the hadronization and to subsequent interactions in the hadronic phase. The transport theoretical description of quarks and gluons is based on a dynamical quasiparticle model for partons matched to reproduce recent lattice QCD results in thermodynamic equilibrium. The transition from partonic to hadronic degrees of fre…
The quark rearrangement model for baryon-antibaryon annihilation and reproduction ($B\bar B\leftrightarrow 3M$) - incorporated in the Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach - is extended to the strangeness sector. A derivation of the transition probabilities for the three-body processes is presented and a strangeness suppression factor for the invariant matrix element squared is introduced to account for the higher mass of the strange quark compared to the light up and down quarks. In simulations of the baryon-antibaryon annihilation and reformation in a box with periodic boun…
We study the transverse momentum distributions of single inclusive hadron production in ${e^ + }{e^ - }$ annihilation processes. Although the only available experimental data are scarce and quite old, we find that the fundamental features of transverse momentum dependent (TMD) evolution, historically addressed in Drell-Yan processes and, more recently, in Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering processes, are visible in ${e^ + }{e^ - }$ annihilations as well. Interesting effects related to its non-perturbative regime can be observed. We test two different parameterizations for the $p_\perp$ d…
Results from the new Monte Carlo event generator Herwig++ are presented. This first version simulates Hadron Emission Reactions With Interfering Gluons in electron-positron annihilation. The parton shower evolution is carried out using new evolution variables suited to describing radiation from heavy quarks as well as light partons. The partonic final state is fragmented into hadrons by means of an improved cluster hadronization model. The results are compared with a wide variety of data from LEP and SLC.
The process p-pbar -> Lambda_c-Antilambda_c is investigated within the handbag approach. It is shown that the dominant dynamical mechanism, characterized by the partonic subprocess u-ubar -> c-cbar factorizes in the sense that only the subprocess contains highly virtual partons, a gluon to lowest order of perturbative QCD, while the hadronic matrix elements embody only soft scales and can be parameterized in terms of helicity flip and non-flip generalized parton distributions. Modelling these parton distributions by overlaps of light-cone wave functions for the involved baryons we are able to …
Long-lived colored particles with masses m > 200 GeV are allowed by current accelerator searches, and are predicted by a number of scenarios for physics beyond the standard model. We argue that such "heavy partons'' effectively have a geometrical cross section (of order 10 mb) for annihilation at temperatures below the QCD deconfinement transition. The annihilation process involves the formation of an intermediate bound state of two heavy partons with large orbital angular momentum. The bound state subsequently decays by losing energy and angular momentum to photon or pion emission, followed b…
We review the two sources of hyperon enhancement in the dual parton model: strings originating from diquark-antidiquark pairs in the nucleon sea and net baryons containing two or three sea quarks with a yield controlled by the observed stopping. We show that adding final state interactions (including strangeness exchange reactions as well as the inverse reactions required by detailed balance) with a single averaged cross-section $σ=0.2$ mb, we can explain the observed hyperon enhancement in PbPb collisions at CERN SPS.
We analyze the time-like processes gamma gamma -> B Bbar and p p-bar -> gamma M at large Mandelstam variables within the handbag approach for which the process amplitudes factorize in hard partonic subprocesses and annihilation form factor. The latter represent moments of baryon-antibaryon generalized parton distributions. Symmetry relations restrict the number of independent annihilation form factors for the ground state baryons drastically. We determine these form factors from the present BELLE data on gamma gamma -> B Bbar with the help of simplifying assumptions. The knowledge of these for…
The production and dynamics of strange and antistrange hadrons in heavy-ion reactions from $\sqrt{s_{NN}} \approx$ 3 GeV to 200 GeV is analyzed within the Parton-Hadron-String-Dynamics (PHSD) transport model. The PHSD results for strange baryon and antibaryon production are roughly consistent with the experimental data starting from upper SPS energies. Nevertheless, hadronic final state flavor-exchange reactions are important for the actual abundances, in particular at large rapidities where hadronic dynamics, parton fragmentation and string decay dominate. A striking disagreement between the …
In the fragmentation of a color flux tube in high-energy $pp$ collisions or $e^+$-$e^-$ annihilations, the production of $q$-$\bar q$ pairs along a color flux tube precedes the fragmentation of the tube. The local conservation laws in the production of these $q$-$\bar q$ pairs will lead to the correlations of adjacently produced hadrons. As a consequence, the fragmentation of a flux tube will yield a many-hadron correlation in the form of a chain of hadrons ordered in rapidity, with adjacent hadrons correlated in charges, flavor contents, and azimuthal angles. It will also lead to a two-hadron…
A quantity of particular experimental interest is the forward-backward asymmetry in the angular distribution of positively and negatively charged fermions produced in $Z^0$ decays. Measurements of this asymmetry can enable independent determinations of the neutral-current couplings of these fermions, i.e. the $Z^0$ boson couplings for left- and right-handed fermions, respectively. Due to the quark confinement, however, it is difficult to determine the electroweak interactions of quarks, especially for light quarks. In the hadron production electron positron annihilation process, the parton mod…
Transverse hadron spectra from proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions from 2 AGeV to 21.3 ATeV are investigated within two independent transport approaches (HSD and UrQMD). For central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions at energies above $E_{\rm lab}\sim$ 5 AGeV, the measured $K^{\pm}$ transverse mass spectra have a larger inverse slope parameter than expected from the default calculations. The additional pressure - as suggested by lattice QCD calculations at finite quark chemical potential $μ_q$ and temperature $T$ - might be generated by strong interactions in the early pre-hadro…
The pentaquark component is included in the proton wave functions to study phi meson production proton-antiproton annihilation reactions. With all possible configurations of the uuds subsystem proposed for describing the strangeness spin and magnetic moment of the proton, we estimate the branching ratios of the annihilation reactions at rest proton-antiproton to phi + X (X=pi, eta, rho, omega) from atomic proton-antiproton S- and P-wave states by using effective quark line diagrams incorporating the 3P0 model. The best agreement of theoretical prediction with the experimental data is found whe…
A complete numerical solution of the evolution equation for parton multiplicities in quark and gluon jets with initial conditions at threshold is presented. Data on both hadron and jet multiplicities in e+e- annihilation are well described with a common normalization, giving further support to the picture of Local Parton Hadron Duality. Predictions for LEP-II energies are presented. Furthermore we study the sensitivity to the cutoff parameter Q_0 and the scale of alpha_s.
We study the differential cross section of the single inclusive $e^+e^-$ annihilation to the hadrons via $γ$-production, in the different ${k_{t}}$-factorization frameworks. In order to take into account the transverse momenta of the incoming partons, for the first time, we apply the Kimber et al (KMR) method to calculate the unintegrated parton fragmentation functions (UFFs) from the ordinary integrated one, i.e., the parton fragmentation functions (FFs), which satisfy the similar DGLAP evolution equations, such as those of parton distribution functions (PDFs). Also, by utilizing the differen…
Strangeness production in high multiplicity events gives indications on the transverse size fluctuactions in nucleus-nucleus ($AA$), proton-nucleus ($pA$) and proton-proton ($pp$) collisions. In particular the behavior of strange particle hadronization in "small" ($pp,pA$) and "large" ($AA$) initial configurations of the collision can be tested for the specific particle species, for different centralities and for large fluctuations of the transverse size in $pA$ and $pp$ by using the recent ALICE data. A universality of strange hadron production emerges by introducing a dynamical variable prop…
Antiproton annihilations on nuclei provide a very interesting way to study the behaviour of strange particles in the nuclear medium. In low energy $\bar p$ annihilations, the hyperons are produced mostly by strangeness exchange mechanisms. Thus, hyperon production in $\bar p A$ interactions is very sensitive to the properties of the antikaon-nucleon interaction in nuclear medium. Within the Giessen Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model (GiBUU), we analyse the experimental data on $Λ$ and $K^0_S$ production in $\bar p A$ collisions at $p_{\rm lab}=0.2-4$ GeV/c. A satisfactory overall agre…
The strange-quark occupation factor ($γ_s$) is determined from the statistical fit of the multiplicity ratio $\mathrm{K}^+/π^+$ in a wide range of nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energies ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}$). From this single-strange-quark-subsystem, $γ_s(\sqrt{s_{NN}})$ was parametrized as a damped trigonometric functionality and successfully implemented to the hadron resonance gas model, at chemical semi-equilibrium. Various particle ratios including $\mathrm{K}^-/π^-$, $\mathrmΛ/π^-$, and $\mathrm{\barΛ}/π^-$ are well reproduced. The phenomenology of $γ_s(\sqrt{s_{NN}})$ suggests that, the had…
In the frame work of a nuclear overlap model, we estimate the number of nucleon and quark participants in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions. We observe the number of nucleon ($N_{N-part}$)-normalized enhancement of multi-strange particles which show a monotonic increase with centrality, turns out to be a centrality independent scaling behavior when normalized to number of constituent quarks participating in the collision ($N_{q-part}$). In addition, we observe that the $N_{q-part}$-normalized enhancement, when further normalized to the strangeness content, shows a st…
The stochastic model of classical system of particles (partons), which dynamics includes random walk in plane as well as processes of death, splitting, annihilation and fusion of partons, is considered. A set of equations for multiparticle distribution functions for this system can be described in terms of diagrams of the Reggeon Field Theory (RFT) with supercritical pomeron, where rapidity plays a role of the time variable. The multiparticle inclusive distributions of partons correspond to multi-pomeron states in this analogy. In order to calculate the amplitude of hadron interaction at given…
We calculate the transverse momentum dependence in the production of two back-to-back hadrons in electron-positron annihilations at the medium/large energy scales of BES-III and BELLE experiments. We use the parameters of the transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) fragmentation functions that were recently extracted from the semi-inclusive deep-inelastic-scattering multiplicities at low energy from HERMES. TMD evolution is applied according to different approaches and using different parameters for the nonperturbative part of the evolution kernel, thus exploring the sensitivity of our results to …
Recently a new set of Parton Distribution Functions (NNPDF1.2) has been produced and released by the NNPDF Collaboration. The inclusion of dimuon data in the analysis allows a determination of the strange content of the proton with faithful uncertainty estimation together with a precision determination of electroweak parameters. In this contribution, we discuss some of the implications of the NNPDF1.2 set, and in particular of its uncertainty determination of the strange PDFs, for LHC phenomenology. First of all, we study the impact on the electroweak boson production cross-section, with speci…
The Multiplicity distributions in high energy $e^+e^-$-annihilation are described within the Two Stage Model. It is shown that oscillations in sign of the ratio of factorial cumulant momentum to the factorial momentum of increasing order are confirmed. Parameters of parton stage and hadronization of this model are analysed.
The validity of local parton-hadron duality within the framework of HERWIG and JETSET event generators is investigated. We concentrate on ${\rm e}^{+}{\rm e}^{-}$ annihilations in LEP 2 energy range as these interactions provide theoretically the cleanest condition for the discussion of this concept.
We propose a simple scheme to start a parton-shower evolution description from a given jet configuration in $e^+ e^-$ annihilation events. This allows a convenient combination of the full angular information content of matrix elements with the detailed sub-jet structure of parton showers, and should give a realistic overall description of event properties. Explicit studies with this hybrid approach are presented for the four-jet case, as a simple testing ground of the ideas.
This paper describes the MC@NLO method for matching next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative QCD with the parton shower and hadronization model of the Monte Carlo (MC) event generator tt Herwig++, for e+e- annihilation and Drell-Yan lepton pair production. Details of the event generation method as well as spin, flavour, momentum and colour assignments are presented. We obtain predictions for various distributions which arecompared with experimental data.
We study electron-positron annihilations into six jets at the parton level in perturbative Quantum Chromo-Dynamics. We use helicity amplitude methods. Results are presented for the case of the Durham and Cambridge jet clustering algorithms at three different collider energies.
The program EERAD3 computes the parton-level QCD contributions to event shapes and jet rates in electron-positron annihilation through to order $α_s^3$. For three-jet production and related observables, this corresponds to next-to-next-to-leading order corrections, and allows for precision QCD studies. We describe the program and its usage in detail.
We present a new, comprehensive global analysis of parton-to-pion fragmentation functions at next-to-leading order accuracy in QCD. The obtained results are based on the latest experimental information on single-inclusive pion production in electron-positron annihilation, lepton-nucleon deep-inelastic scattering, and proton-proton collisions. An excellent description of all data sets is achieved, and the remaining uncertainties in parton-to-pion fragmentation functions are estimated based on the Hessian method. Extensive comparisons to the results from our previous global analysis are performe…
Dilepton production in In+In collisions at 158 AGeV is studied within the microscopic parton-hadron-string dynamics (PHSD) transport approach that incorporates explicit partonic degrees-of-freedom, dynamical hadronization as well as the more familiar hadronic dynamics in the final reaction stages. A comparison to the data of the NA60 Collaboration shows that the measured dilepton yield is well described by including the collisional broadening of vector mesons, while simultaneously accounting for the electromagnetic radiation of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) via off-shell quark…
