Michael S. P. Kelley, Henry H. Hsieh, Colin Orion Chandler, Siegfried Eggl, Timothy R. Holt, Lynne Jones, Mario Juric, Timothy A. Lister, Joachim Moeyens, William J. Oldroyd, Darin Ragozzine, David E. Trilling
We outline the challenges faced by the planetary science community in the era of next-generation large-scale astronomical surveys, and highlight needs that must be addressed in order for the community to maximize the quality and quantity of scientific output from archival, existing, and future surveys, while satisfying NASA's and NSF's goals.
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The field of astronomy has arrived at a turning point in terms of size and complexity of both datasets and scientific collaboration. Commensurately, algorithms and statistical models have begun to adapt --- e.g., via the onset of artificial intelligence --- which itself presents new challenges and opportunities for growth. This white paper aims to offer guidance and ideas for how we can evolve our technical and collaborative frameworks to promote efficient algorithmic development and take advantage of opportunities for scientific discovery in the petabyte era. We discuss challenges for discove…
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory Wide-Fast Deep (WFD) sky survey will reach unprecedented surface brightness depths over tens of thousands of square degrees. Surface brightness photometry has traditionally been a challenge. Current algorithms which combine object detection with sky estimation systematically over-subtract the sky, biasing surface brightness measurements at the faint end and destroying or severely compromising low surface brightness light. While it has recently been shown that properly accounting for undetected faint galaxies and the wings of brighter objects can in principle recov…
SCUBA-2 is the largest submillimetre wide-field bolometric camera ever built. This 43 square arc-minute field-of-view instrument operates at two wavelengths (850 and 450 microns) and has been installed on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. SCUBA-2 has been successfully commissioned and operational for general science since October 2011. This paper presents an overview of the on-sky performance of the instrument during and since commissioning in mid-2011. The on-sky noise characteristics and NEPs of the 450 and 850 micron arrays, with average yields of approximately 3400 bo…
In the era of the SKA precursors, telescopes are producing deeper, larger images of the sky on increasingly small time-scales. The greater size and volume of images place an increased demand on the software that we use to create catalogues, and so our source finding algorithms need to evolve accordingly. In this paper we discuss some of the logistical and technical challenges that result from the increased size and volume of images that are to be analysed, and demonstrate how the Aegean source finding package has evolved to address these challenges. In particular we address the issues of sourc…
We develop a new analysis approach towards identifying related radio components and their corresponding infrared host galaxy based on unsupervised machine learning methods. By exploiting PINK, a self-organising map algorithm, we are able to associate radio and infrared sources without the a priori requirement of training labels. We present an example of this method using $894,415$ images from the FIRST and WISE surveys centred towards positions described by the FIRST catalogue. We produce a set of catalogues that complement FIRST and describe 802,646 objects, including their radio components a…
Astronomy has always been at the forefront of information technology, moving from the era of photographic plates, to digital snapshots and now to digital movies of the sky. This has brought about a data explosion with multi- terabyte surveys already happening and upcoming petabyte scale surveys. By scanning the sky repeatedly and automatically, astronomers find rapidly changing phenomena - transients - of a great variety. Surveys like the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS) publish details on the transients right away since many of these fade in a matter of minutes and it is important t…
Can the gravitational effect of Planet X be detected in current-era tracking of the known major and minor planets?
本研究利用Fisher信息矩阵预测行星X引力效应在现有及未来数据下的可探测性，发现其潮汐场可在特定距离被探测，但受限于库伊伯带背景噪声，且特洛伊天体数据需更高精度才能提升探测能力。
The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: X-ray selection function models for the eRASS1 galaxy cluster cosmology
针对eRASS1星系团样本，构建基于表面亮度及全局特征的X射线选择函数模型，并验证其有效性，以支持宇宙学参数约束。
The next decade will feature a growing number of massive ground-based photometric, spectroscopic, and time-domain surveys, including those produced by DECam, DESI, and LSST. The NOAO Data Lab was launched in 2017 to enable efficient exploration and analysis of large surveys, with particular focus on the petabyte-scale holdings of the NOAO Archive and their associated catalogs. The Data Lab mission and future development align well with two of the NSF's Big Ideas, namely Harnessing Data for 21st Century Science and Engineering and as part of a network to contribute to Windows on the Universe: T…
eROSITA all-sky survey - stars and optical loading
本研究针对eROSITA全天巡天（eRASS），分析恒星受光学负载的影响，明确其相关性与标记规则，为解释恒星eRASS数据提供热等离子体模型的硬度比及计数率转换方法。
Improving Radial Velocities by Marginalizing over Stars and Sky: Achieving 30 m/s RV Precision for APOGEE in the Plate Era
本研究针对APOGEE此前数据缩减未充分挖掘视向速度精度的问题，通过光谱成分同步建模、恒星类型边缘化及光纤偏移校准，实现单光纤30 m/s、多光纤合并47 m/s的视向速度精度，并指出SDSS-V需优化线展宽函数模型。
Neural Posterior Estimation with Autoregressive Tiling for Detecting Objects in Astronomical Images
针对天文巡天图像中暗弱且重叠目标的检测难题，提出按 $K$ 色棋盘格组织潜在空间的空间自回归变分分布，并结合 CNN 与 NPE 训练，在 SDSS 上达到 SOTA 并改善后验校准。
Time-domain astronomy (TDA) is facing a paradigm shift caused by the exponential growth of the sample size, data complexity and data generation rates of new astronomical sky surveys. For example, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), which will begin operations in northern Chile in 2022, will generate a nearly 150 Petabyte imaging dataset of the southern hemisphere sky. The LSST will stream data at rates of 2 Terabytes per hour, effectively capturing an unprecedented movie of the sky. The LSST is expected not only to improve our understanding of time-varying astrophysical objects, but al…
Young stellar objects in their pre-main sequence phase are characterized by irregular changes in brightness, generally attributed to an increase of the mass accretion rate due to various kind of instabilities occurring in the circumstellar disk. In the era of large surveys aimed to monitor the sky, we present a pipeline to detect irregular bursts, in particular EXors-like ( EX Lupi type eruptive variables), in the light curves. The procedure follows a heuristic approach and is tested against the light curves already collected for a few objects presently recognized as bona fide or candidate EXo…
Upcoming surveys such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will detect up to 10 million time-varying sources in the sky every night for ten years. This information will be transmitted in a continuous stream to brokers that will select the most promising events for a variety of science cases using machine learning algorithms. We study the benefits and challenges of Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) for this type of classification tasks. BNNs are found to be accurate classifiers which also provide additional information: they quantify the classification uncertain…
Experience deploying an analysis facility for the Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) data
本文介绍法国鲁宾数据设施为部署鲁宾科学平台所构建的基础设施，包括主要服务、组件、部署模型以及基于Kubernetes托管拍字节级LSST天文星表的实验方案。
On the nature of apparent transient sources on the National Geographic Society-Palomar Observatory Sky Survey glass copy plates
本研究批判性审查了国家地理学会-帕洛马天文台巡天底片数字化扫描中表观光学暂现源的声明，利用SuperCOSMOS巡天星表和随机森林分类器开发图像分类方案，发现这些暂现源实为照相乳胶的虚假伪影，源于早期玻璃底片复制程序。
Data volumes from multiple sky surveys have grown from gigabytes into terabytes during the past decade, and will grow from terabytes into tens (or hundreds) of petabytes in the next decade. This exponential growth of new data both enables and challenges effective astronomical research, requiring new approaches. Thus far, astronomy has tended to address these challenges in an informal and ad hoc manner, with the necessary special expertise being assigned to e-Science or survey science. However, we see an even wider scope and therefore promote a broader vision of this data-driven revolution in a…
The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) is currently the world's most powerful cm-wavelength telescope. However, within a few years this blanket statement will no longer be entirely true, due to the emergence of a new breed of pre-SKA radio telescopes with improved surveying capabilities. This white paper explores a region of sensitivity-area parameter space where an investment of a few thousand hours through a VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) will yield a unique dataset with extensive scientific utility and legacy value well into the SKA era: a deep full-polarization L-band survey covering a few squa…
The Gamma-Ray Integrated Detectors (GRID) is a space mission concept dedicated to monitoring the transient gamma-ray sky in the energy range from 10 keV to 2 MeV using scintillation detectors onboard CubeSats in low Earth orbits. The primary targets of GRID are the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the local universe. The scientific goal of GRID is, in synergy with ground-based gravitational wave (GW) detectors such as LIGO and VIRGO, to accumulate a sample of GRBs associated with the merger of two compact stars and study jets and related physics of those objects. It also involves observing and study…
Gaia, the European Space Agency spacecraft successfully launched on 19 December 2013, entered into nominal science operations on 18 July 2014 after a few months of commissioning, and has been scanning the sky to a faint limit of G = 20.7 mag since then. Gaia is expected to observe more than a hundred thousand RR Lyrae stars in the Galactic halo and bulge (most of which will be new discoveries), and to provide parallax measurements with about 10 μas uncertainty for those brighter than <V>$\sim$ 12-13 mag. Status and activities of the spacecraft since launch are briefly reviewed with emphasis on…
Spec-S5: A Next-Generation All-Sky Spectroscopic Facility Enabling Large-Scale Surveys for Cosmology and Astrophysics
Spec-S5是下一代全天光谱设备，将升级两台4米望远镜为6米宽视场天文台，光谱能力提升10倍以上，用于开展宇宙学与天体物理学大规模巡天，以深化对暗物质等的认知。
We describe the parameters of a low-frequency all-sky survey of compact radio sources using Interplanetary Scintillation (IPS), undertaken with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). While this survey gives important complementary information to low-resolution survey such as the MWA GLEAM survey, providing information on the subarsecond structure of every source, a survey of this kind has not been attempted in the era of low-frequency imaging arrays such as the MWA and LOFAR. Here we set out the capabilities of such a survey, describing the limitations imposed by the heliocentric observing geome…
This white paper is a summarising report of the Forum on monitoring the transient X-ray Universe in the multi-messenger era organized by the International Space Science Institute in Beijing (ISSI-BJ) on May 6-7, 2014. Time-domain astronomy will enter a golden era towards the end of this decade with the advent of major facilities across the electromagnetic spectrum and in the multi-messenger realms of gravitational wave and neutrino. In the soft X-ray regime, the novel micro-pore lobster-eye optics provides a promising technology to realise, for the first time, focusing X-ray optics for wide-an…
The rate of image acquisition in modern synoptic imaging surveys has already begun to outpace the feasibility of keeping astronomers in the real-time discovery and classification loop. Here we present the inner workings of a framework, based on machine-learning algorithms, that captures expert training and ground-truth knowledge about the variable and transient sky to automate 1) the process of discovery on image differences and, 2) the generation of preliminary science-type classifications of discovered sources. Since follow-up resources for extracting novel science from fast-changing transie…
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