双扩散编码及其在生物医学成像中的应用
Double diffusion encoding and applications for biomedical imaging
摘要：
扩散磁共振成像（dMRI）是当代最重要的非侵入性模式之一，用于在微观尺度上探测组织结构。大多数dMRI技术采用标准的单扩散编码（single diffusion encoding，简称dMRI）测量，根据方法的复杂性覆盖不同的序列参数范围。虽然许多信号表示和生物物理模型已被提出的生物统计数据，它们本质上是有限的缺乏特异性。已经提出了先进的dMRI方法，以提供额外的微观结构信息以外的可以推断出从MRI。这些增强的对比度可以在表征生物组织中发挥重要作用，例如在疾病（例如神经退行性疾病、癌症、中风）、衰老、学习和发育时。在这篇综述中，我们专注于双扩散编码（DDE），它在其他先进的收购中脱颖而出，其多功能性，探测更具体的扩散相关性的能力，以及临床前和临床应用的可行性。各种DDE方法已被用于探测室大小（第3节），解耦微观扩散各向异性的影响，从取向分散（第4节），探测位移相关性，研究交流，或抑制快速扩散室（第6节）。DDE测量也可用于提高生物物理模型的稳健性（第5节），并通过代谢物的磁共振光谱研究细胞内扩散（第7节）。本综述讨论了所有这些主题以及与临床前和临床环境中的实施和对比相关的重要实践方面（第9节），旨在为读者提供一个指导，以决定针对其特定应用的正确DDE采集。
英文摘要：
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) is one of the most important contemporary non-invasive modalities for probing tissue structure at the microscopic scale. The majority of dMRI techniques employ standard single diffusion encoding (SDE) measurements, covering different sequence parameter ranges depending on the complexity of the method. Although many signal representations and biophysical models have been proposed for SDE data, they are intrinsically limited by a lack of specificity. Advanced dMRI methods have been proposed to provide additional microstructural information beyond what can be inferred from SDE. These enhanced contrasts can play important roles in characterizing biological tissues, for instance upon diseases (e.g. neurodegenerative, cancer, stroke), aging, learning, and development. In this review we focus on double diffusion encoding (DDE), which stands out among other advanced acquisitions for its versatility, ability to probe more specific diffusion correlations, and feasibility for preclinical and clinical applications. Various DDE methodologies have been employed to probe compartment sizes (Section 3), decouple the effects of microscopic diffusion anisotropy from orientation dispersion (Section 4), probe displacement correlations, study exchange, or suppress fast diffusing compartments (Section 6). DDE measurements can also be used to improve the robustness of biophysical models (Section 5) and study intra-cellular diffusion via magnetic resonance spectroscopy of metabolites (Section 7). This review discusses all these topics as well as important practical aspects related to the implementation and contrast in preclinical and clinical settings (Section 9) and aims to provide the readers a guide for deciding on the right DDE acquisition for their specific application.
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