In studying temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background Weinberg has noted that some ease of calculation and insight can be achieved by looking at the structure of the perturbed light cone on which the perturbed photons propagate. In his approach Weinberg worked in a specific gauge and specialized to fluctuations around the standard Robertson-Walker cosmological model with vanishing spatial three-curvature. In this paper we generalize this analysis by providing a gauge invariant treatment in which no choice of gauge is made, and by considering geometries with non-vanishing spatial three-curvature. By using the scalar, vector, tensor fluctuation basis we find that the relevant gauge invariant combinations that appear in the light cone temperature fluctuations have no explicit dependence on the spatial curvature even if the spatial curvature of the background geometry is nonvanishing. We find that a not previously considered, albeit not too consequential, temperature fluctuation at the observer has to be included in order to enforce gauge invariance. As well as working with comoving time we also work with conformal time in which a background metric of any given spatial three-curvature can be written as a time-dependent conformal factor (the comoving time expansion radius as written in conformal time) times a static Robertson-Walker geometry of the same spatial three-curvature. For temperature fluctuations on the light cone this conformal factor drops out identically. Thus the gauge invariant combinations that appear in the photon temperature fluctuations have no explicit dependence on either the conformal factor or the spatial three-curvature at all.
A Light-Cone Approach to Higher-Order Cosmological Observables
Università di Pisa（比萨大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa（意大利国家核物理研究所比萨分部）；Università LUM（卢梅利亚大学）；Universidade Estadual de Londrina（隆德里纳州立大学）
Analytical computations in relativistic cosmology can be split into two sets: time evolution relating the initial conditions to the observer's light-cone and light propagation to obtain observables. Cosmological perturbation theory in the FLRW coordinates constitutes an efficient tool for the former task, but the latter is dramatically simpler in light-cone-adapted coordinates that trivialize the light rays towards the observer world-line. Here we point out that time evolution and observable reconstruction can be combined into a single computation that relates directly initial conditions to ob…
Inspired by the fully non-linear Geodesic Light-Cone (GLC) gauge, we consider its analogous set of coordinates which describes the unperturbed Universe. Given this starting point, we then build a cosmological perturbation theory on top of it, study the gauge transformation properties related to this new set of perturbations and show the connection with standard cosmological perturbation theory. In particular, we obtain which gauge in standard perturbation theory corresponds to the GLC gauge, and put in evidence how this is a useful alternative to the standard Synchronous Gauge. Moreover, we ex…
Testing homogeneity with galaxy number counts : light-cone metric and general low-redshift expansion for a central observer in a matter dominated isotropic universe without cosmological constant
We consider the back-reaction of cosmological fluctuations on the local expansion rate averaged over a space-like hypersurface of constant value of a clock field. We show that in the infrared limit, the fluctuations lead to a decrease in the average expansion rate, measured at a fixed value of the clock field, compared to what would be obtained in a homogeneous universe. We work in the context of Einstein gravity coupled to perfect fluid matter.
Dynamical Density Fluctuations around QCD Critical Point Based on Dissipative Relativistic Fluid Dynamics-possible fate of Mach cone at the critical point-
Probing the bubble interior with entanglement entropy and bulk-cone singularities
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore（天主教撒克雷圣心大学）；INFN Sezione di Perugia（意大利国家核物理研究所佩鲁加分部）；Institute for Theoretical Physics, KU Leuven（荷语鲁汶大学理论物理研究所）；TIFPA - INFN, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento（特伦托大学物理系意大利国家核物理研究所理论与应用物理中心）；Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University（京都大学汤川理论物理研究所）
About 70\% of the Universe is Dark Energy, but the physics community still does not know what it is. Delta Gravity (DG) is an alternative theory of gravitation that could solve this cosmological problem. Previously, we studied the Universe's accelerated expansion, where DG was able to explain the SNe-Ia data successfully. In this work, we explore the cosmological fluctuations that give rise to the CMB through a hydrodynamic approximation. We calculate the gauge transformations for the metric and the perfect fluid to present the equations of the evolution of cosmological fluctuations, providing…
In this paper we study the corrections to the Friedmann equations due to fast fluctuations of the universe scale factor. Such fast quantum fluctuations were recently proposed as a potential solution of the cosmological constant problem. They also induce strong changes to the current sign and magnitude of the average cosmological force, thus making it one of the potential probable causes for the modification of Newtonian dynamics in galaxy-scale systems. It appears that quantum fluctuations of the scale factor also modify the Friedmann equations, leading to considerable modification of cosmolog…
