With meteoric developments in communication systems and data storage technologies, the need for secure data transmission is more crucial than ever. The level of security provided by any cryptosystem relies on the sensitivity of the private key, size of the key space as well as the trapdoor function being used. In order to satisfy the aforementioned constraints, there has been a growing interest over the past few years, in studying the behavior of chaotic systems and their applications in various fields such as data encryption due to characteristics like randomness, unpredictability and sensitivity of the generated sequence to the initial value and its parameters. This paper utilizes a novel 2D chaotic function that displays a uniform bifurcation over a large range of parameters and exhibits high levels of chaotic behavior to generate a random sequence that is used to encrypt the input data. The proposed method uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the parameters of the map to enhance security for any given textual data. Various analyses demonstrate an adequately large key space and the existence of multiple global optima indicating the necessity of the proposed system and the security provided by it.
Chaotic behavior arises from very simple non-linear dynamical equation of logistic map which makes it was used often in designing chaotic image encryption schemes. However, some properties of chaotic maps can also facilitate cryptanalysis especially when they are implemented in digital domain. Utilizing stable distribution of the chaotic states generated by iterating the logistic map, this paper presents a typical example to show insecurity of an image encryption scheme using chaotic logistic map. This work will push encryption and chaos be combined in a more effective way.
Recently an image encryption scheme based on a chaotic Tent map has been proposed by Li et al. This comment shows that this scheme is broken and no secure application can be found for it.
In this paper we have proposed a method that uses chaotic logistic mapping and DNA encoding to encrypt the image. A 32 bit ASCII private key is used to diffuse the image. The results demonstrated clearly show that encryption algorithm based on chaotic logistic mapping and DNA encoding gives better result than encrypting only with chaotic logistic mapping. The proposed method also takes into account the possible parametric like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio and Structure Similarity.
Recently, a chaotic image encryption algorithm based on perceptron model was proposed. The present paper analyzes security of the algorithm and finds that the equivalent secret key can be reconstructed with only one pair of known-plaintext/ciphertext, which is supported by both mathematical proof and experiment results. In addition, some other security defects are also reported.
This paper proposed several methods to transplant the compound chaotic image encryption scheme with permutation based on 3D baker into image formats as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) and Graphics Interchange Format (GIF). The new method averts the lossy Discrete Cosine Transform and quantization and can encrypt and decrypt JPEG images lossless. Our proposed method for GIF keeps the property of animation successfully. The security test results indicate the proposed methods have high security. Since JPEG and GIF image formats are popular contemporarily, this paper shows that the prospec…
Recently, an image block encryption algorithm was proposed based on some well-known chaotic maps. The authors claim that the encryption algorithm achieves enough security level and high encryption speed at the same time. In this paper, we give a thorough security analysis on the algorithm from the perspective of modern cryptology and report some critical security defects on the algorithm. Given five chosen plain-images and the corresponding cipher-images, the attacker can obtain an equivalent secret key to successfully decrypt the other cipher-images encrypted with the same secret key. In addi…
Utilizing complex dynamics of chaotic maps and systems in encryption was studied comprehensively in the past two and a half decades. In 1989, Fridrich's chaotic image encryption scheme was designed by iterating chaotic position permutation and value substitution some rounds, which received intensive attention in the field of chaos-based cryptography. In 2010, Solak \textit{et al.} proposed a chosen-ciphertext attack on the Fridrich's scheme utilizing influence network between cipher-pixels and the corresponding plain-pixels. Based on their creative work, this paper scrutinized some properties …
Recently, a chaotic image encryption algorithm based on information entropy (IEAIE) was proposed. This paper scrutinizes the security properties of the algorithm and evaluates the validity of the used quantifiable security metrics. When the round number is only one, the equivalent secret key of every basic operation of IEAIE can be recovered with a differential attack separately. Some common insecurity problems in the field of chaotic image encryption are found in IEAIE, e.g. the short orbits of the digital chaotic system and the invalid sensitivity mechanism built on information entropy of th…
There are some good combinatorial structures suitable for image encryption. In this study, a new chaotic image encryption algorithm based on transversals in a Latin square is proposed. By means of an n-transversal of a Latin square, we can permutate an image data group by group for the first time, then use two Latin squares for auxiliary diffusion on the basis of a chaotic sequence, finally make use of a pair of orthogonal Latin squares to do the second scrambling. As a whole, the encryption process of "scrambling-diffusion-scrambling" is formed. The experimental results indicate that this alg…
This paper proposes three different chaotic encryption methods using 1-D chaotic map known as Logistic map named as Logistic, NLFSR and Modified NLFSR according to the name of chaotic map and non-linear function involved in the scheme. The designed schemes have been crypt analyzed for five different methods for testing its strength. Cryptanalysis has been performed for various texts using various keys selected from domain of key space. Logistic and NLFSR methods are found to resist known plaintext attack for available first two characters of plaintext. Plaintext sensitivity of both methods is …
Security of multimedia data is a major concern due to its widespread transmission over various communication channels. Hence design and study of good image encryption schemes has become a major research topic. During the last few decades, there has been a increasing in chaos-based cryptography. This paper proposes an attack on a recently proposed chaos based image encryption scheme. The cryptosystem under study proceed by first shuffling the original image to disturb the arrangement of pixels by applying a chaotic map several times. Second, a keystream is generated using Chen's chaotic system …
A discrete-time discrete-value pseudo-chaotic encoder/decoder system is presented. The pseudo-chaotic module is a 3D discrete version of the well-known Lorenz dynamical system. Scaling and biasing transformations as well as natural number arithmetics are employed in order to simplify realizations on a small size Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA. The encryption ability is improved by using only the least significant byte of one of the pseudo chaotic state variables as the key to encrypt the plain text. The key is periodically perturbed by another chaotic state variable. The statistical prope…
The increase in data traffic on the internet has significantly increased the relevance of data and image encryption. Among the techniques most used in cryptography, chaotic systems have received great attention due to their easy implementation. However, it has recently been observed that these systems can lose their chaotic properties due to the finite precision of computers. In this work, we intend to investigate flexible computing tools, particularly interval analysis, to reduce this problem. We opted for the Lorenz System, as it is one of the few systems whose chaoticity is proven analytica…
In this paper, we propose to improve the security performance of a recently proposed color image encryption algorithm which is based on multi-chaotic systems. The existing cryptosystem employed a pixel-chaotic-shuffle mechanism to encrypt images, in which the generation of shuffling sequences are independent to the plain-image/cipher-image. As a result, it fails to the chosen-plaintext and known-plaintext attacks. Moreover, the statistical features of the cryptosystem are not up to the standard. Therefore, the security improvements are framed to make the above attacks infeasible and enhance th…
Cryptography is always very important in data origin authentications, entity authentication, data integrity and confidentiality. In recent years, a variety of chaotic cryptographic schemes have been proposed. These schemes have typical structure which performed the permutation and the diffusion stages, alternatively. The random number generators are intransitive in cryptographic schemes and be used in the diffusion functions of the image encryption for diffused pixels of plain image. In this paper, we propose a chaotic encryption scheme based on pseudorandom bit padding that the bits be genera…
In the recent world, security is a prime important issue, and encryption is one of the best alternative way to ensure security. More over, there are many image encryption schemes have been proposed, each one of them has its own strength and weakness. This paper presents a new algorithm for the image encryption/decryption scheme. This paper is devoted to provide a secured image encryption technique using multiple chaotic based circular mapping. In this paper, first, a pair of sub keys is given by using chaotic logistic maps. Second, the image is encrypted using logistic map sub key and in its t…
This paper re-evaluates the security of a chaotic image encryption algorithm called MCKBA/HCKBA and finds that it can be broken efficiently with two known plain-images and the corresponding cipher-images. In addition, it is reported that a previously proposed breaking on MCKBA/HCKBA can be further improved by reducing the number of chosen plain-images from four to two. The two attacks are both based on the properties of solving a composite function involving the carry bit, which is composed of the modulo addition and the bitwise OR operations. Both rigorous theoretical analysis and detailed ex…
In recent years, information security essential in various arenas like internet communication, multimedia systems, medical imaging, tele-medicine and military communication. However, most of them faced with some problems such as the lack of robustness and security. In this letter, after reviewing the main points of the chaotic trigonometric maps and the coupled map lattices, we introduce the scheme of chaos-based image encryption based on coupled map lat tices. The scheme decreases periodic effect of the ergodic dynamical systems in the chaos-based image encryption. To evaluate the security of…
In this paper an algorithm for multi-color image compression-encryption is introduced. For compression step fuzzy transform based on exponential b-spline function is used. In encryption step, a novel combination chaotic system based on Sine and Tent systems is proposed. Also in the encryption algorithm, 3D shift based on chaotic system is introduced. The simulation results and security analysis show that the proposed algorithm is secure and efficient.
Researchers in the field of DNA-based chaotic cryptography have recently proposed a set of novel and efficient image encryption algorithms. In this paper, we present a comprehensive summary of those techniques, which are available in the literature. The discussion given in this paper is grouped into three main areas. At first, we give a brief sketch of the backbone architecture and the theoretical foundation of this field, based on which all the algorithms were proposed. Next, we briefly discuss the set of image encryption algorithms based on this architecture and categorized them as either en…
In year 2000, an efficient hierarchical chaotic image encryption (HCIE) algorithm was proposed, which divides a plain-image of size $M\times N$ with $T$ possible value levels into $K$ blocks of the same size and then operates position permutation on two levels: intra-block and inter-block. As a typical position permutation-only encryption algorithm, it has received intensive attention. The present paper analyzes specific security performance of HCIE against ciphertext-only attack and known/chosen-plaintext attack. It is found that only $O(\lceil\log_T(M\cdot N/K) \rceil)$ known/chosen plain-im…
Integral imaging-based cryptographic algorithms provides a new way to design secure and robust image encryption schemes. In this paper, we introduce a performance-enhanced image encryption schemes based on depth-conversion integral imaging and chaotic maps, aiming to meet the requirements of secure image transmission. First, the input image is decomposed into an elemental image array (EIA) by utilizing a pinhole array. Then, the obtained image are encrypted by combining the use of cellular automata and chaotic logistic maps. In the image reconstruction process, the conventional computational i…
In this paper, by using Logistic, Sine and Tent systems we define a combination chaotic system. Some properties of the chaotic system are studied by using figures and numerical results. A color image encryption algorithm is introduced based on new chaotic system. Also this encryption algorithm can be used for gray scale or binary images. The experimental results of the encryption algorithm show that the encryption algorithm is secure and practical.
Genetic algorithms are a population-based Meta heuristics. They have been successfully applied to many optimization problems. However, premature convergence is an inherent characteristic of such classical genetic algorithms that makes them incapable of searching numerous solutions of the problem domain. A memetic algorithm is an extension of the traditional genetic algorithm. It uses a local search technique to reduce the likelihood of the premature convergence. The cryptanalysis of simplified data encryption standard can be formulated as NP-Hard combinatorial problem. In this paper, a compari…
We propose a novel high-speed stream cipher encryption scheme based on the true random key generated by a chaotic semiconductor laser. A 5-Gbits/s non-return-to-zero plaintext is successfully encrypted and decrypted using this cryptography. The scheme can be applied in the areas of real-time high-speed physical encryption.
In this paper, a novel image encryption algorithm, which involves a chaotic block image scrambling followed by a two-dimensional (2-D) discrete linear chirp transform, is proposed. The definition of the 2-D discrete linear chirp transform is introduced and then it is used to construct the basis of the novel encryption algorithm. Finally, security analysis are performed to show the quality of the encryption process using different metrics.
In this paper, a scheme for the encryption and decryption of colored images by using the Lorenz system and the discrete cosine transform in two dimensions (DCT2) is proposed. Although chaos is random, it has deterministic features that can be used for encryption; further, the same sequences can be produced at the transmitter and receiver under the same initial conditions. Another property of DCT2 is that the energy is concentrated in some elements of the coefficients. These two properties are used to efficiently encrypt and recover the image at the receiver by using three different keys with t…
Chaotic maps are very important for establishing chaos-based image encryption systems. This paper introduces a coupling chaotic system based on a certain unit transform, which can combine any two 1D chaotic maps to generate a new one with excellent performance. The chaotic behavior analysis has verified this coupling system's effectiveness and progress. In particular, we give a specific strategy about selecting an appropriate unit transform function to enhance chaos of generated maps. Besides, a new chaos based pseudo-random number generator, shorted as CBPRNG, is designed to improve the distr…
Recently, an image encryption scheme based on a compound chaotic sequence was proposed. In this paper, the security of the scheme is studied and the following problems are found: (1) a differential chosen-plaintext attack can break the scheme with only three chosen plain-images; (2) there is a number of weak keys and some equivalent keys for encryption; (3) the scheme is not sensitive to the changes of plain-images; and (4) the compound chaotic sequence does not work as a good random number resource.
This paper presents a novel efficient chaotic image encryption scheme, in which the temp-value feedback mechanism is introduced to the permutation and diffusion procedures. Firstly, a simple trick is played to map the plain-image pixels to the initial condition of the Logistic map. Then, a pseudorandom number sequence (PRNS) is obtained from iterating the map. The permutation procedure is carried out by a permutation sequence which is generated by comparing the PRNS and its sorted version. The diffusion procedure is composed of two reversely executed rounds. During each round, the current plai…
In this paper, chaotic block image permutation and XOR operation are performed to achieve image encryption. The studied method of encryption makes use of chaotic systems properties for secure and speed image encryption. Firstly, the original image is divided into blocks of equal size. Then, two chaotic maps are used to generate two key streams which are permuted among themselves to produce one key steam. The image blocks are then shuffled using part of key stream. Finally, scrambled image is diffused by XOR operation with the key stream to get the encrypted image. The experimental results of s…
In this paper a randomness evaluation of a block cipher for secure image communication is presented. The GFHT cipher is a genetic algorithm, that combines gene fusion (GF) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) both inspired from antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The symmetric encryption key is generated by four pairs of chromosomes with multi-layer random sequences. The encryption starts by a GF of the principal key-agent in a single block, then HGT performs obfuscation where the genes are pixels and the chromosomes are the rows and columns. A Salt extracted from the image hash-value is used to …
We propose a new audio signal encryption scheme based on the chaotic Hénon map. The scheme mainly comprises two phases: one is the preprocessing stage where the audio signal is transformed into a data by the lifting wavelet scheme and the other in which the transformed data is encrypted by chaotic data set and hyperbolic functions. Furthermore, we use dynamic keys and consider the key space size to be large enough to resist any kind of cryptographic attacks. A statistical investigation is also made to test the security and the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
In Present era, information security is of utmost concern and encryption is one of the alternatives to ensure security. Chaos based cryptography has brought a secure and efficient way to meet the challenges of secure multimedia transmission over the networks. In this paper, we have proposed a secure Grayscale image encryption methodology in wavelet domain. The proposed algorithm performs shuffling followed by encryption using states of chaotic map in a secure manner. Firstly, the image is transformed from spatial domain to wavelet domain by the Haar wavelet. Subsequently, Fisher Yates chaotic …
In this paper, we introduce a hybrid chaos map for image encryption method with high sensitivity. This new map is sensitive to small changes in the starting point and also in control parameters which result in having more computational complexity. Also, it has uniform distribution that provides resisting of the new system against attacks in security applications. Various tests and plots are demonstrated to show more chaotic behavior of the proposed system. Finally, to show the ability of the generated chaotic map in the existences image cryptography approaches, we further report some results i…
In this paper, after reviewing the main points of Haar wavelet transform and chaotic trigonometric maps, we introduce a new perspective of Haar wavelet transform. The essential idea of the paper is given linearity properties of the scaling function of the Haar wavelet. With regard to applications of Haar wavelet transform in image processing, we introduce chaotic trigonometric Haar wavelet transform to encrypt the plain images. In addition, the encrypted images based on a proposed algorithm were made. To evaluate the security of the encrypted images, the key space analysis, the correlation coe…
Nowadays, the chaotic cryptosystems are gaining more attention due to their efficiency, the assurance of robustness and high sensitivity corresponding to initial conditions. In literature, on one hand there are many encryption algorithms that only guarantee security while on the other hand there are schemes based on chaotic systems that only promise the uncertainty. Due to these limitations, each of these approaches cannot adequately encounter the challenges of current scenario. Here we take a unified approach and propose an image encryption algorithm based on Lorenz chaotic system and primiti…
Haar wavelet is one of the best mathematical tools in image cryptography and analysis. Because of the specific structure, this wavelet has the ability which is combined with other mathematical tools such as chaotic maps. The rational order chaotic maps are one of clusters of chaotic maps which their deterministic behaviors have high sensitivity. In this paper, we propose a novel method of gradient Haar wavelet transform for image encryption. This method use linearity properties of the scaling function of the gradient Haar wavelet and deterministic behaviors of rational order chaotic maps in or…
We propose a chaotic encryption method based on Cellular Automata(CA), specifically on the family called the "Life-Like" type. Thus, the encryption process lying on the pseudo-random numbers generated (PRNG) by each CA's evolution, which transforms the password as the initial conditions to encrypt messages. Moreover, is explored the dynamical behavior of CA to reach a "good" quality as PRNG based on measures to quantify "how chaotic a dynamical system is", through the combination of the entropy, Lyapunov exponent, and Hamming distance. Finally, we present the detailed security analysis based o…
It is known that chaotic systems have widely been used in cryptography. Generally, floating point simulations are used to generate pseudo-random sequence of numbers. Although, it is possible to find some works on the degradation of chaotic systems due to finite precision of digital computers, little attention has been paid to exploit this limitation to formulate efficient process for image encode. This article proposes a novel image encryption method using natural interval extensions. The sequence of arithmetic operations is different in each natural interval extension. This is what we need to…
The information security has an irreplaceable position in the smart grid (SG). In order to avoid the malicious attack and ensure the information security, the cryptographic techniques are essential. This paper focuses on the encryption techniques to ensure the information security of SG. Firstly, an unusual 7-dimensional complex chaotic system (7D-CCS) combined with the cubic memristor is introduced. Besides its phase portraits, Lyapunov exponent, 0-1 test, complexity, and bifurcation diagram are investigated. Then, with the proposed 7D-CCS, we design a data encryption algorithm to ensure the …
Higher Institute of Biotechnology Sfax（斯法克斯高等生物技术学院）
In this paper we propose a novel image encryption scheme. The proposed method is based on the chaos theory. Our cryptosystem uses the chaos theory to define a dynamic chaotic Look-Up Table (LUT) to compute the new value of the current pixel to cipher. Applying this process on each pixel of the plain image, we generate the encrypted image. The results of different experimental tests, such as Key space analysis, Information Entropy and Histogram analysis, show that the proposed encryption image scheme seems to be protected against various attacks. A comparison between the plain and encrypted ima…
In recent years, a variety of effective chaos-based image encryption schemes have been proposed. The typical structure of these schemes has the permutation and the diffusion stages performed alternatively. The confusion and diffusion effect is solely contributed by the permutation and the diffusion stage, respectively. As a result, more overall rounds than necessary are required to achieve a certain level of security. In this paper, we suggest to introduce certain diffusion effect in the confusion stage by simple sequential add-and-shift operations. The purpose is to reduce the workload of the…
In this paper we analyze the cryptanalysis of the simplified data encryption standard algorithm using meta-heuristics and in particular genetic algorithms. The classic fitness function when using such an algorithm is to compare n-gram statistics of a the decrypted message with those of the target message. We show that using such a function is irrelevant in case of Genetic Algorithm, simply because there is no correlation between the distance to the real key (the optimum) and the value of the fitness, in other words, there is no hidden gradient. In order to emphasize this assumption we experime…
Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute（北京电子科技学院）；CETC Big Data Research Institute Co.,Ltd.（中电科大数据研究院有限公司）；Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications（南京邮电大学）；Nanjing University（南京大学）；Kyushu Institute of Technology（九州工业大学）
With rapid progress of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality technologies, 3D contents are the next widespread media in many applications. Thus, the protection of 3D models is primarily important. Encryption of 3D models is essential to maintain confidentiality. Previous work on encryption of 3D surface model often consider the point clouds, the meshes and the textures individually. In this work, a multi-level chaotic maps models for 3D textured encryption was presented by observing the different contributions for recognizing cipher 3D models between vertices (point cloud), polygons and textur…
