We have studied carefully the behaviors of entangled qubits on the IBM Rochester with various connectivities and under a "noisy" environment. A phase trajectory analysis based on our measurements of the GHZ-like states is performed. Our results point to an important fact that entangled qubits are "protected" against environmental noise by a scaling property that impacts only the weighting of their amplitudes. The reproducibility of most measurements has been confirmed within a reasonably short gate operation time. But there still are a few combinations of qubits that show significant entanglement evolution in the form of transitions between quantum states. The phase trajectory of an entangled evolution, and the impact of the sudden death of GHZ-like states and the revival of newly excited states are analyzed in details. All observed trajectories of entangled qubits arise under the influences of the newly excited states in a "noisy" intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer.
We investigate the lazy states, entangled states and discordant states for 2-qubit systems. We show that many lazy states are discordant, many lazy states are entangled, and many mixed entangled states are not lazy. With these investigations, we provide a laziness-discord-entanglement hierarchy diagram about 2-qubit quantum correlations.
Bipartite correlations in multi-qubit systems cannot be shared freely. The presence of entanglement or classical correlation on certain pairs of qubits may imply correlations on other pairs. We present a method of characterization of bi-partite correlations in multi-qubit systems using a concept of entangled graphs that has been introduced in our earlier work [M.Plesch and V.Buzek, Phys. Rev. A 67, 012322 (2003)]. In entangled graphs each qubit is represented by a vertex while the entanglement and classical correlations are represented by two types of edges. We prove by construction that any e…
Quantum error detection has always been a fundamental challenge in a fault-tolerant quantum computer. Hence, it is of immense importance to detect and deal with arbitrary errors to efficiently perform quantum computation. Several error detection codes have been proposed and realized for lower number of qubit systems. Here we present an error detection code for a (2n+1)-qubit entangled state using two syndrome qubits and simulate it on IBM's 16-qubit quantum computer for a 13-qubit entangled system. The code is able to detect an arbitrary quantum error in any one of the first 2n qubits of the (…
We present a generalized criterion for maximally entangled nine-qubit states, whose minimum averaged subsystem purity should be equal to 1/14. In this note, we prove that absolutely maximally entangled state for nine qubits does not exist. Further, we construct a new genuine nine-qubit maximally entangled states of 110,15 and 1 balanced purities equal to 1/16, , 1/8 and and 1/4, respectively. We found that, the marginal density matrices for subsystems of 1,2,3- qubits all completely mixed in these states, therefore, maximally entangled nine-qubit state is a 3-uniform state.
Paolo Facchi et al.[Phys. Rev. A. 77, 060304(R) (2009)] presented a maximally multipartite entangled state(MMES). Here we give the criterion for four-qubit state.and some new characterizations of the maximally entangled four-qubit state are given.
We propose an optical scheme to generate genuine entangled states of four atomic qubits in optical cavities using a single-photon source, beam splitters and single photon detectors. We show how to generate deterministically sixteen orthonormal and independent genuine entangled states of four atomic qubits. It is found that the sixteen genuine entangled states form a new type of representation of the four-atomic-qubit system, i.e., the genuine entangled-state representation. This representation brings new interesting insight onto better understanding multipartite entanglement.
Four-qubit Smolin bound entangled state has a distinct feature: the state is not distillable when every qubit is seperated from each other; but it makes two separated qubit entangled if the other qubits group together. Here the feature is applied to quantum secret sharing, a QSS protocol similar to Ekert 91 protocol of QKD is proposed. The security problem, disadvantage and advantageof this protocol are disscused.
Introducing classical fields, we can transfer entanglement completely from discrete qubits into entangled coherent state. The entanglement also can be retrieved from the continuous-variable state of the cavities to the atomic qubits. Via postselection measure, atomic entangled state and entangled coherent state can be mutual transformed fully.
Contrary to A.Borras et al.'s [1] conjecture, a genuine maximally seven-qubit entangled state is presented. We find a seven-qubit state whose marginal density matrices for subsystems of 1,2- qubits are all completely mixed and for subsystems of 3-qubits is almost completely mixed.
First, we present a Bell type inequality for n qubits, assuming that m out of the n qubits are independent. Quantum mechanics violates this inequality by a ratio that increases exponentially with m. Hence an experiment on n qubits violating of this inequality sets a lower bound on the number m of entangled qubits. Next, we propose a definition of maximally entangled states of n qubits. For this purpose we study 5 different criteria. Four of these criteria are found compatible. For any number n of qubits, they determine an orthogonal basis consisting of maximally entangled states generalizing t…
We experimentally generate and tomographically characterize a mixed, genuinely non-Gaussian bipartite continuous-variable entangled state. By testing entanglement in 2$\times$2-dimensional two-qubit subspaces, entangled qubits are localized within the density matrix, which, firstly, proves the distillability of the state and, secondly, is useful to estimate the efficiency and test the applicability of distillation protocols. In our example, the entangled qubits are arranged in the density matrix in an asymmetric way, i.e. entanglement is found between diverse qubits composed of different photo…
The structure of all completely positive quantum operations is investigated which transform pure two-qubit input states of a given degree of entanglement in a covariant way. Special cases thereof are quantum NOT operations which transform entangled pure two-qubit input states of a given degree of entanglement into orthogonal states in an optimal way. Based on our general analysis all covariant optimal two-qubit quantum NOT operations are determined. In particular, it is demonstrated that only in the case of maximally entangled input states these quantum NOT operations can be performed perfectl…
We describe quantum circuits generating four-qubit maximally entangled states, the amount of entanglement being quantified by using the absolute value of the Cayley hyperdeterminant as an entanglement monotone. More precisely, we show that this type of four-qubit entangled states can be obtained by the action of a family of CNOT circuits on some special states of the LU orbit of the state |0000 >.
In this work we investigate the problem of secretly broadcasting five qubit entangled state between three different partners We implement the protocol described in ref [16] on three particle W-state shared by three distant partners Alice,Bob and Charlie. The problem is interesting in the sense it is the first attempt to broadcast five qubit entangled state between three parties.
We discuss the exact cloning of orthogonal but entangled qubits under local operations and classical communication. The amount of entanglement necessary in blank copy is obtained for various cases. Surprisingly this amount is more than 1 ebit for certain set of two nonmaximal but equally entangled states of two qubits system. To clone any three two qubits Bell states at least log2 3 ebit is necessary.
Maximally entangled states should maximally violate the Bell inequality. In this paper, it is proved that all two-qubit states that maximally violate the Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality are exactly Bell states and the states obtained from them by local unitary transformations. The proof is obtained by using the certain algebraic properties that Pauli's matrices satisfy. The argument is extended to the three-qubit system. Since all states obtained by local unitary transformations of a maximally entangled state are equally valid entangled states, we thus give the characterizations of …
A theoretical scheme for bidirectional swapping quantum controlled teleportation is presented using the entanglement property of maximally entangled five-qubit state, i.e., Alice wants to transmit a entangled state of particle a to Bob and Bob wants to transmit a entangled state of particle b to Alice via the control of the supervisor Charlie.
The entanglement phenomenon on example of Smolin state of four qubits is discussed. This state is known as bound entangled state and the spin tomogram of the state is found in explicit form. The qubit portrait method is used the Bell inequality violation which provides another tool to prove the property of entanglement of the four-qubit state under consideration.
We investigate how arbitrary number of entangled qubits affects properties of quantum walk. We consider variance, positions with non-zero probability density and entropy as criteria to determine the optimal number of entangled qubits in quantum walk. We show that for a single walker in one-dimensional position space, walk with three entangled qubits show better efficiency in considered criteria comparing to the walks with other number of entangled qubits. We also confirm that increment in number of the entangled qubits results into significant drop in variance of probability density distributi…
The usefulness of the genuinely entangled six qubit state that was recently introduced by Borras et al. is investigated for the quantum teleportation of an arbitrary three qubit state and for quantum state sharing (QSTS) of an arbitrary two qubit state. For QSTS, we explicitly devise two protocols and construct sixteen orthogonal measurement basis which can lock an arbitrary two qubit information between two parties.
We discuss (im)possibility of the exact cloning of orthogonal but genuinely entangled three qubit states aided with entangled ancila under local operation and classical communication. Whereas any two orthogonal GHZ states taken from the canonical GHZ basis, can be cloned with the help of a known GHZ state, surprisingly we find that no two W states can be cloned by using any known three qubit (possibly entangled) state as blank copy.
We find that quantum teleportation, using the thermally entangled state of two-qubit Heisenberg XX chain as a resource, with fidelity better than any classical communication protocol is possible. However, a thermal state with a greater amount of thermal entanglement does not necessarily yield better fidelity. It depends on the amount of mixing between the separable state and maximally entangled state in the spectra of the two-qubit Heisenberg XX model.
We show how entangled qubits can be encoded as entangled coherent states of two-dimensional centre-of-mass vibrational motion for two ions in an ion trap. The entangled qubit state is equivalent to the canonical Bell state, and we introduce a proposal for entanglement transfer from the two vibrational modes to the electronic states of the two ions in order for the Bell state to be detected by resonance fluorescence shelving methods.
We prove that the binegativity is always positive for any two-qubit state. As a result, as suggested by the previous works, the asymptotic relative entropy of entanglement in two qubits does not exceed the Rains bound, and the PPT-entanglement cost for any two-qubit state is determined to be the logarithmic negativity of the state. Further, the proof reveals some geometrical characteristics of the entangled states, and shows that the partial transposition can give another separable approximation of the entangled state in two qubits.
We construct three-qubit entanglement witnesses with relatively simple structures. Despite their simplicity, these witnesses are capable of detecting a number of bound entangled states more effectively. To illustrate this, two families of bound entangled three-qubit states, introduced by Kay [Phys. Rev. A 83, 020303 (2011)] and Kye [J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 48, 235303 (2015)], are considered and it is shown that these witnesses are able to detect the entanglement of all states in the families.
We investigate the properties of different levels of entanglement in graph states which correspond to connected graphs. Combining the operational definition of graph states and the postulates of entanglement measures, we prove that in connected graph states of N>3 qubits there is no genuine three-qubit entanglement. For certain classes of graph states, all genuine k-qubit entanglement, 2\leq k\leq N-1, among every k qubits vanishes. These results about connected graph states naturally lead to the definition of fully multi-qubit entangled states. We also find that the connected graph states of …
We propose and demonstrate an atomic qubit based on a cold $^{85}$Rb-$^{87}$Rb isotopic mixture, entangled with a frequency-encoded optical qubit. The interface of an atomic qubit with a single spatial light mode, and the ability to independently address the two atomic qubit states, should provide the basic element of an interferometrically robust quantum network.
Quantum entanglement in multipartite systems cannot be shared freely. In order to illuminate basic rules of entanglement sharing between qubits we introduce a concept of an entangled structure (graph) such that each qubit of a multipartite system is associated with a point (vertex) while a bi-partite entanglement between two specific qubits is represented by a connection (edge) between these points. We prove that any such entangled structure can be associated with a pure state of a multi-qubit system. Moreover, we show that a pure state corresponding to a given entangled structure is a superpo…
Tests of local realism vs quantum mechanics based on Bell's inequality employ two entangled qubits. We investigate the general case of two entangled quNits, i.e. quantum systems defined in an N-dimensional Hilbert space. Via a numerical linear optimization method we show that violations of local realism are stronger for two maximally entangled quNits (N=3,4,...,9), than for two qubits and that they increase with N. The two quNit measurements can be experimentally realized using entangled photons and unbiased multiport beamsplitters.
We look for local unitary operators $W_1 \otimes W_2$ which would rotate all equally entangled two-qubit pure states by the same but arbitrary amount. It is shown that all two-qubit maximally entangled states can be rotated through the same but arbitrary amount by local unitary operators. But there is no local unitary operator which can rotate all equally entangled non-maximally entangled states by the same amount, unless it is unity. We have found the optimal sets of equally entangled non-maximally entangled states which can be rotated by the same but arbitrary amount via local unitary operat…
I derive an inequality in which the phase damping rates of single qubits set an upper bound for the phase damping rate of entangled states of many qubits. The derivation is based on two assumptions: first, that the phase damping can be described by a dissipator in Lindblad form and, second, that the phase damping preserves the population of qubit states in a given basis.
We in this paper strictly prove that some block diagonalizable two qubit entangled state with six none zero elements reaches its quantum relative entropy entanglement by the a separable state having the same matrix structure. The entangled state comprises local filtering result state as a special case.
In Kaszlikowski [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 85}, 4418 (2000)], it has been shown numerically that the violation of local realism for two maximally entangled $N$-dimensional ($3 \leq N$) quantum objects is stronger than for two maximally entangled qubits and grows with $N$. In this paper we present the analytical proof of this fact for N=3.
We propose a new scheme in which perfect transmission of 1-qubit information is achieved with high success using purposefully delayed sharing of non-maximally entangled 2-qubit resource and repeated generalized Bell-state measurements (GBSM). Alice possesses initially all qubits and she makes repeated GBSM on the pair of qubits, consisting of (1) the qubit of information state and (2) one of the two entangled resource qubits (taken alternately) until transmission with perfect fidelity is indicated. Alice then sends to Bob, the qubit not used in the last GBSM and also the result of this GBSM an…
Numerical optimization methods such as hillclimbing and simulated annealing have been applied to search for highly entangled multi-qubit states. Here the genetic algorithm is applied to this optimization problem -- to search not only for highly entangled states, but also for the corresponding quantum circuits creating these states. Simple quantum circuits for maximally (highly) entangled states are discovered for 3, 4, 5, and 6-qubit systems; and extension of the method to systems with more qubits is discussed. Among other results we have found explicit quantum circuits for maximally entangled…
In this thesis, we study about three subjects 1- Classical simulation of two spin-$s$ singlet correlations for all $s$ involving spin measurements, 2- Quantum correlations in successive single spin measurements, 3- Non locality without inequality for almost all two-qubit entangled states based on Cabello's non locality argument.
We consider quantum teleportation using the thermally entangled state of a three-qubit Heisenberg XX ring as a resource. Our investigation reveals interesting aspects of quantum entanglement not reflected by the pairwise thermal concurrence of the state. In particular, two mixtures of different pairs of W states, which result in the same concurrence, could yield very differrent average teleportation fidelities.
A comparison is made of various searching procedures, based upon different entanglement measures or entanglement indicators, for highly entangled multi-qubits states. In particular, our present results are compared with those recently reported by Brown et al. [J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 38 (2005) 1119]. The statistical distribution of entanglement values for the aforementioned multi-qubit systems is also explored.
We report the experimental realization of teleporting an entangled qubit. The qubit is physically implemented by a two-dimensional subspace of states of a mode of the electromagnetic field, specifically, the space spanned by the vacuum and the one photon state. Our experiment follows along lines suggested by H. W. Lee and J. Kim, Phys. Rev. A, 63, 012305 (2000) and E.Knill, R.Laflamme and G.Milburn Nature 409: 46 (2001).
Squeezed state of light is one of the important subjects in quantum optics which is generated by optical nonlinear interactions. In this paper, we especially focus on qubit like entangled squeezed states (ESS's) generated by beam splitters, phase-shifter and cross Kerr nonlinearity. Moreover the Wigner function of two-mode qubit and qutrit like ESS are investigated. We will show that the distances of peaks of Wigner functions for two-mode ESS are entanglement sensitive and can be a witness for entanglement. Like the qubit cases, monogamy inequality is fulfilled for qutrit like ESS. These trend…
Recently, Ri-Gui Zhou et al. [Int. J. Theor. Phys. 59, 166-172 (2020)] proposed a scheme for bidirectional quantum teleportation of two-two and two-three qubit states by utilizing a six-qubit entangled state as a quantum channel. It is observed that the intrinsic efficiency calculated by Zhou et al. is not correct. In this improved scheme, we show that bidirectional teleportation of two-two and two-three qubit quantum states can be done by using optimized quantum resource and less consumption of classical resource. We also calculate the intrinsic efficiency of our improved scheme which is much…
Here we deal with a nonlocality argument proposed by Cabello which is more general than Hardy's nonlocality argument but still maximally entangled states do not respond. However, for most of the other entangled states maximum probability of success of this argument is more than that of the Hardy's argument.
We propose two controlled remote state preparation protocols via partially entangled channels. One prepares a single-qubit state and the other prepares a two-qubit state. Different from other controlled remote state preparation schemes which also utilize partially entangled channels, neither auxiliary qubits nor two-qubit unitary transformations are required in our schemes and the success probabilities are independent of the coefficients of the quantum channel. The success probabilities are 50% and 25% for arbitrary single-qubit states and two-qubit states, respectively. We also show that the …
We analyze a controllable generation of maximally entangled mixed states of a circuit containing two-coupled superconducting charge qubits. Each qubit is based on a Cooper pair box connected to a reservoir electrode through a Josephson junction. Illustrative variational calculations were performed to demonstrate the effect on the two-qubits entanglement. At sufficiently deviation between the Josephson energies of the qubits and/or strong coupling regime, maximally entangled mixed states at certain instances of time is synthesized. We show that entanglement has an interesting subsequent time ev…
We propose a way for generating $n$-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled states with a three-level qubit system and (n-1) four-level qubit systems in a cavity. This proposal does not require identical qubit-cavity coupling constants, and thus is tolerant to qubit-system parameter nonuniformity and nonexact placement of qubits in a cavity. The proposal does not require adjustment of the qubit-system level spacings during the entire operation. Moreover, it is shown that entanglement can be deterministically generated using this method and the operation time is independent of the num…
We study the Markovian dynamics of a collection of n quantum systems coupled to an irreversible environmental channel consisting of a stream of n entangled qubits. Within the framework of repeated quantum interactions, we derive the master equation that describes the dynamics of the composite quantum system. We investigate the evolution of the joint system for two-qubit environments and find that (1) the presence of antidiagonal coherences (in the local basis) in the environment is a necessary condition for entangling two remote systems, and (2) that maximally entangled two-qubit baths are an …
By calculating entanglement measures and quantum violation of Bell-type inequality, we reveal the relationship between entanglement measure and the amount of quantum violation for a family of four-qubit entangled states. It has been demonstrated that the Bell-type inequality is completely violated by these four-qubit entangled states. The plot of entanglement measure as a function of the expectation value of Bell operator shows that entanglement measure first decreases and then increases smoothly with increasing quantum violation.
We report on the coherence of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states comprised of up to 8 qubits in the IBM ibmqx5 16-qubit quantum processor. In particular, we evaluate the coherence of GHZ states with $N=1,\ldots,8$ qubits, as a function of a delay time between state creation and measurement. We find that the decay in coherence occurs at a rate that is linear in the number of qubits. This is consistent with a model in which the dominant noise affecting the system is uncorrelated across qubits.
We derive necessary and sufficient inseparability conditions imposed on the variance matrix of symmetric qubits. These constraints are identified by examining a structural parallelism between continuous variable states and two qubit states. Pairwise entangled symmetric multiqubit states are shown here to obey these constraints. We also bring out an elegant local invariant structure exhibited by our constraints.
We analyze mixed multi-qubit states composed of a W class state and a product state with all qubit in |0>. We find the optimal pure state decomposition and convex roofs for higher-tangle with bipartite partition between one qubit and the rest qubits for those mixed states. The optimality of the decomposition is ensured by the Coffman-Kundu-Wootters (CKW) inequality which describes the monogamy of quantum entanglement. The generalized monogamy inequality is found to be true for W class states with arbitrary partitions between one qubit and multi-qubit.
We study one-dimensional quantum walk with four internal degrees of freedom resulted from two entangled qubits. We will demonstrate that the entanglement between the qubits and its corresponding coin operator enable one to steer the walker's state from a classical to standard quantum-walk behavior, and a novel one. Additionally, we report on self-trapped behavior and perfect transfer with highest velocity for the walker. We also show that symmetry of probability density distribution, the most probable place to find the walker and evolution of the entropy are subject to initial entanglement bet…
We demonstrate one-sided device-independent self-testing of any pure entangled two-qubit state based on a fine-grained steering inequality. The maximum violation of a fine-grained steering inequality can be used to witness certain steerable correlations, which certify all pure two-qubit entangled states. Our experimental results identify which particular pure two-qubit entangled state has been self-tested and which measurement operators are used on the untrusted side. Furthermore, we analytically derive the robustness bound of our protocol, enabling our subsequent experimental verification of …
Braid theories are applied to quantum computation processes, where to each crossing in the Braid diagram a unitary Yang-Baxter operator R is associated, representing either a Braiding matrix or a universal quantum gate. By operating with Braid operators on the computational basis of n-QUBITS states, orthonormal entangled states are obtained, referred here as general Bell states. The 3-QUBITS Bell states are explicitly developed and the present methods are generalized to any n-QUBITS system. The quantum properties of the general Bell states are analyzed and these properties are related to concu…
Quantum entanglement cannot be unlimitedly shared among arbitrary number of qubits. Larger the number of entangled pairs in an N-qubit system, smaller the degree of bi-partite entanglement is. We analyze a system of N qubits in which an arbitrary pair of particles is entangled. We show that the maximum degree of entanglement (measured in the concurrence) between any pair of qubits is 2/N. This tight bound can be achieved when the qubits are prepared in a pure symmetric (with respect to permutations) state with just one qubit in the basis state |0> and the others in the basis state |1>.
We study the dynamics of quantum systems interacting with a stream of entangled qubits. Under fairly general conditions, we present a detailed framework describing the conditional dynamical maps for the system, called quantum trajectories, when the qubits are measured. Depending on the measurement basis, these quantum trajectories can be jump-type or diffusive-type, and they can exhibit features not present with quantum optical and single-qubit trajectories. As an example, we consider the case of two remote atoms, where jump-type quantum trajectories herald the birth and death of entanglement.
Recently, entanglement teleportation has been investigated in Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4236 (2000). In this paper we study entanglement teleportation via two separate thermally entangled states of two-qubit Heisenberg XX chain. We established the condition under which the parameters of the model have to satisfy in order to teleport entanglement. The necessary minimum amount of thermal entanglement for some fixed strength of exchange coupling is a function of the magnetic field and temperature.
We apply the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to derive a set of entanglement witnesses (EW) to identify entanglement patterns in families of four-qubit states. The effectiveness of SVM for practical EW implementations stems from the coarse-grained description of families of equivalent entangled quantum states. The equivalence criteria in our work is based on the stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) classification and the description of the four-qubit entangled Werner states. We numerically verify that the SVM approach provides an effective tool to address the …
We have tried to gauge the utility of a recently introduced seven-qubit state by Xin-Wei Zha et al for quantum teleportation and quantum state sharing. It is shown that this state can be used for the teleportation of an arbitrary single, double and triple qubit systems. We have also come up with 3 proposals for Quantum State Sharing using the Xin-Wei Zha state.
Quantum coherence and quantum entanglement are two strong pillars in quantum information theory. We study here for the possibility of any connection between these two important aspects of quantum mechanics while studying the entanglement detection problem for the detection of bipartite higher dimensional entangled states and multipartite entangled states. To achieve our goal, we derive the lower bound $L$ of $l_{1}$ norm of coherence of bipartite qubit-qudit system using the criterion that detect entanglement. Furthermore, we deduce the upper bound $U$ of $l_{1}$ norm of coherence of separable…
