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arXiv 2010.02259astro-ph.GA
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在模拟的原星团中有足够的恒星形成吗?

Is there enough star formation in simulated protoclusters?

Seunghwan Lim, Douglas Scott, Arif Babul, David Barnes, Scott Kay, Ian McCarthy, Douglas Rennehan, Mark Vogelsberger

摘要:

作为最大质量天体的祖先,原星团是追踪宇宙演化和恒星形成历史的关键,并且负责$z\,{>}\,2$宇宙恒星形成的${\gtrsim}\,20$ %。使用最先进的流体动力学模拟和经验模型相结合,我们表明,目前的星系形成模型没有产生足够的恒星形成的原星团,以配合观测。我们发现,从模型预测的恒星形成率(SFR)是一个数量级低于观察中看到的,尽管相对较好的协议,发现他们的质量吸积历史,特别是他们躺在一个进化的路径上,成为后发座状集群在$z\,{\simeq}\, 0$。利用$z\,{=}\,4.3$的原团核心作为测试案例,我们发现原团星系的恒星形成效率比模型预测的要高。我们发现,很大一部分的差异可以归因于依赖于SFR的数值分辨率的模拟,与一个大致的因素3下降时,空间分辨率下降了一个因素4。我们还提出了预测到$z\,{\simeq}\,7$。与较低的红移相比,我们发现中心星系(质量最大的成员星系)与其他星系的区别更大,而原团星系与场星系的区别较小。所有这些结果表明,作为一个罕见的和极端的人口在高$z$,原星系团可以帮助约束星系形成模型调整,以匹配平均人口在$z\,{\simeq}\,0$。

英文摘要:

As progenitors of the most massive objects, protoclusters are key to tracing the evolution and star-formation history of the Universe, and are responsible for ${\gtrsim}\,20$ per cent of the cosmic star formation at $z\,{>}\,2$. Using a combination of state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations and empirical models, we show that current galaxy-formation models do not produce enough star formation in protoclusters to match observations. We find that the star-formation rates (SFRs) predicted from the models are an order of magnitude lower than what is seen in observations, despite the relatively good agreement found for their mass-accretion histories, specifically that they lie on an evolutionary path to become Coma-like clusters at $z\,{\simeq}\, 0$. Using a well-studied protocluster core at $z\,{=}\,4.3$ as a test case, we find that star-formation efficiency of protocluster galaxies is higher than predicted by the models. We show that a large part of the discrepancy can be attributed to a dependence of SFR on the numerical resolution of the simulations, with a roughly factor of 3 drop in SFR when the spatial resolution decreases by a factor of 4. We also present predictions up to $z\,{\simeq}\,7$. Compared to lower redshifts, we find that centrals (the most massive member galaxies) are more distinct from the other galaxies, while protocluster galaxies are less distinct from field galaxies. All these results suggest that, as a rare and extreme population at high-$z$, protoclusters can help constrain galaxy formation models tuned to match the average population at $z\,{\simeq}\,0$.

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