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arXiv 2009.14286math.STstat.MLstat.TH
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岭回归中的良性过拟合

Benign overfitting in ridge regression

A. Tsigler, P. L. Bartlett

摘要:

在深度学习的许多现代应用中,神经网络的参数比用于训练的数据点多得多。受这些实践的推动,大量的理论研究致力于研究过参数化模型。在这种情况下,一个中心现象是模型能够内插噪声数据,但仍然具有低于该数据中噪声量的测试误差。arXiv:1906.11300描述了数据的协方差结构,如果考虑具有最小$\ell_2$ -范数的插值解并且数据具有独立分量,则这种现象可能发生在线性回归中:他们给出了方差项的严格界限,并表明它可以很小,当且仅当数据协方差在小余维的子空间中具有高有效秩。我们加强和完善他们的结果,消除独立性假设,并提供尖锐的界限的偏见。因此,我们的结果适用于比arXiv:1906.11300更一般的设置,例如,核回归,并且不仅表征噪声如何被阻尼,而且还表征真实信号的哪一部分被学习。此外,我们将结果扩展到岭回归的设置,这使我们能够解释另一个有趣的现象:我们给出了一般的充分条件下,最佳正则化是负的。

英文摘要:

In many modern applications of deep learning the neural network has many more parameters than the data points used for its training. Motivated by those practices, a large body of recent theoretical research has been devoted to studying overparameterized models. One of the central phenomena in this regime is the ability of the model to interpolate noisy data, but still have test error lower than the amount of noise in that data. arXiv:1906.11300 characterized for which covariance structure of the data such a phenomenon can happen in linear regression if one considers the interpolating solution with minimum $\ell_2$-norm and the data has independent components: they gave a sharp bound on the variance term and showed that it can be small if and only if the data covariance has high effective rank in a subspace of small co-dimension. We strengthen and complete their results by eliminating the independence assumption and providing sharp bounds for the bias term. Thus, our results apply in a much more general setting than those of arXiv:1906.11300, e.g., kernel regression, and not only characterize how the noise is damped but also which part of the true signal is learned. Moreover, we extend the result to the setting of ridge regression, which allows us to explain another interesting phenomenon: we give general sufficient conditions under which the optimal regularization is negative.

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