Deep Learning-based Symbolic Indoor Positioning using the Serving eNodeB
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, USA（丹佛大学电气与计算机工程系，美国（注：按要求提取到大学级别，此处机构名称整体为“丹佛大学电气与计算机工程系”，但更严格的机构级别提取应为大学，即 University of Denver，不过原文本中明确给出的机构是该系，按提取范围要求“提取到大学/学院/公司/研究院级别即可”，此处 University of Denver 是大学，其下属系 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 属于学院/大学内部机构，所以按文本明确的机构名称提取，即 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, USA））
This paper presents a novel indoor positioning method designed for residential apartments. The proposed method makes use of cellular signals emitting from a serving eNodeB which eliminates the need for specialized positioning infrastructure. Additionally, it utilizes Denoising Autoencoders to mitigate the effects of cellular signal loss. We evaluated the proposed method using real-world data collected from two different smartphones inside a representative apartment of eight symbolic spaces. Experimental results verify that the proposed method outperforms conventional symbolic indoor positioning techniques in various performance metrics. To promote reproducibility and foster new research efforts, we made all the data and codes associated with this work publicly available.
Outdoor positioning systems based on the Global Navigation Satellite System have several shortcomings that have deemed their use for indoor positioning impractical. Location fingerprinting, which utilizes machine learning, has emerged as a viable method and solution for indoor positioning due to its simple concept and accurate performance. In the past, shallow learning algorithms were traditionally used in location fingerprinting. Recently, the research community started utilizing deep learning methods for fingerprinting after witnessing the great success and superiority these methods have ove…
University of Brighton（布莱顿大学）；Royal Holloway, University of London（伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）
The continual proliferation of mobile devices has encouraged much effort in using the smartphones for indoor positioning. This article is dedicated to review the most recent and interesting smartphones based indoor navigation systems, ranging from electromagnetic to inertia to visible light ones, with an emphasis on their unique challenges and potential real-world applications. A taxonomy of smartphones sensors will be introduced, which serves as the basis to categorise different positioning systems for reviewing. A set of criteria to be used for the evaluation purpose will be devised. For eac…
Universitat Jaume I（海梅一世大学）；Tampere University（坦佩雷大学）；Universidade do Minho（米尼奥大学）
Indoor Positioning based on Machine Learning has drawn increasing attention both in the academy and the industry as meaningful information from the reference data can be extracted. Many researchers are using supervised, semi-supervised, and unsupervised Machine Learning models to reduce the positioning error and offer reliable solutions to the end-users. In this article, we propose a new architecture by combining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long short-term memory (LSTM) and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) in order to increase the training data and thus improve the position accurac…
This study describes a UWB and Machine Learning (ML)-based indoor positioning system. We propose a simple mathematical strategy to create data to reduce the job of measurements for fingerprint-based indoor localization systems. A considerable number of measurements can be avoided this way. The paper compares and contrasts the performance of four distinct models. Most test locations' average error may be reduced to less than 150 mm using the best model.
Universitat Jaume I（海梅一世大学）；Tampere University（坦佩雷大学）；Universidade do Minho（米尼奥大学）
Wearable and IoT devices requiring positioning and localisation services grow in number exponentially every year. This rapid growth also produces millions of data entries that need to be pre-processed prior to being used in any indoor positioning system to ensure the data quality and provide a high Quality of Service (QoS) to the end-user. In this paper, we offer a novel and straightforward data cleansing algorithm for WLAN fingerprinting radio maps. This algorithm is based on the correlation among fingerprints using the Received Signal Strength (RSS) values and the Access Points (APs)'s ident…
Due to the indoor none-line-of-sight (NLoS) propagation and multi-access interference (MAI), it is a great challenge to achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy in indoor scenarios. However, the sixth generation (6G) wireless communications provide a good opportunity for the centimeter-level positioning. In 6G, the millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) communications have ultra-broad bandwidth so that the channel state information (CSI) will have a high resolution. In this paper, a weighted random forest (WRF) based indoor positioning algorithm using CSI based channel fingerprint f…
We examined UWB-based indoor location in conjunction with a fingerprint technique in this work. We built a connection between the measured and real distances for the UWB indoor positioning system. This connection is used to produce a distance database that may be used to generate fringerprints. We created a BP neural network to classify the target node to the relevant fringerpint using the distance database. Our suggested deep learning technology considerably enhances location accuracy when compared to existing trilateration systems.
Jožef Stefan Institute（约热夫·斯蒂芬研究所）；Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School（约热夫·斯蒂芬国际研究生院）
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is an enabling technology to meet the growing demand for faster and more reliable communications in wireless networks with a large number of terminals, but it can also be applied for position estimation of a terminal exploiting multipath propagation from multiple antennas. In this paper, we investigate new convolutional neural network (CNN) structures for exploiting MIMO-based channel state information (CSI) to improve indoor positioning. We evaluate and compare the performance of three variants of the proposed CNN structure to five NN structures proposed …
In this communication revolution era, visible light communication (VLC) is the optimum efficacious answer to the increased request for high-speed data transmission with reduced cost, besides the illumination. This technology is considered the best promising candidate for indoor positioning due to its ability to attain higher positioning accuracy than other technologies, alongside its distinct advantages. However, the existing techniques that had been applied in an indoor positioning system (IPS) based on VLC focused on the aspect of accuracy but neglected the aspects of cost and complexity. Th…
Indoor positioning is one of the core technologies of Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), and is expected to play a significant role in the upcoming era of AI. However, affected by the complexity of indoor environments, it is still highly challenging to achieve continuous and reliable indoor positioning. Currently, 5G cellular networks are being deployed worldwide, the new technologies of which have brought the approaches for improving the performance of wireless indoor positioning. In this paper, we investigate the indoor positioning under the 5G new radio (NR), which h…
Currently there is no standard indoor positioning system, similar to outdoor GPS. However, WiFi signals have been used in a large number of proposals to achieve the above positioning, many of which use machine learning to do so. But what are the most commonly used techniques in machine learning? What accuracy do they achieve? Where have they been tested? This article presents a systematic review of works between 2019 and 2021 that use WiFi as the signal for positioning and machine learning models to estimate indoor position. 64 papers have been identified as relevant, which have been systemati…
In recent years, with the increasing demand for indoor positioning service, visible light indoor positioning based on image sensors has been widely studied. However, many researches only put forward the relevant localization algorithm and did not make a deep discussion on the principle of the visible light localization. In this paper, we make a deep discussion on the principle of the two-light positioning algorithm and the three-light positioning algorithm based on the image sensor, which includes how these positioning algorithms work and the errors analysis. Based on the discussion above, we …
The location fingerprinting method, which typically utilizes supervised learning, has been widely adopted as a viable solution for the indoor positioning problem. Many indoor positioning datasets are imbalanced. Models trained on imbalanced datasets may exhibit poor performance on the minority class(es). This problem, also known as the "curse of imbalanced data," becomes more evident when class distributions are highly imbalanced. Motivated by the recent advances in deep generative modeling, this paper proposes using Variational Autoencoders and Conditional Variational Autoencoders as oversamp…
Indoor positioning is currently recognized as one of the important features in emergency, commercial and industrial applications. The 5G network enhances mobility, flexibility, reliability, and security to new higher levels which greatly benefit the IoT and industrial applications. Industrial IoT (IIoT) use-cases are characterized by ambitious system requirements for positioning accuracy in many verticals. For example, on the factory floor, it is important to locate assets and moving objects such as forklifts. The deployment design for different IIoT environments has a significant impact on th…
In daily life, mobile and wearable devices with high computing power, together with anchors deployed in indoor environments, form a common solution for the increasing demands for indoor location-based services. Within the technologies and methods currently in use for indoor localization, the approaches that rely on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) anchors, Received Signal Strength (RSS), and lateration are among the most popular, mainly because of their cheap and easy deployment and accessible infrastructure by a variety of devices. Nevertheless, such BLE- and RSS-based indoor positioning systems ar…
Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, China（中国教育部航空航天信息安全与可信计算重点实验室）；School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, China（中国武汉大学网络空间安全学院）
Multi-source fusion positioning is one of the technical frameworks for obtaining sufficient indoor positioning accuracy. In order to evaluate the effect of multi-source fusion positioning, it is necessary to establish a fusion error model. In this paper, we first use the least squares method to fuse the radio fingerprint and the PDR positioning, and then apply the variance propagation laws to calculate the error distribution of indoor multi-source localization methods. Based on the fusion error model, we developed an indoor positioning simulation system. The system can give a better positionin…
Modern techniques in the Internet of Things or autonomous driving require more accuracy positioning ever. Classic location techniques mainly adapt to outdoor scenarios, while they do not meet the requirement of indoor cases with multiple paths. Meanwhile as a feature robust to noise and time variations, Channel State Information (CSI) has shown its advantages over Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) at more accurate positioning. To this end, this paper proposes the neural network method to estimate the centimeter-level indoor positioning with real CSI data collected from linear antennas.…
K-Neares Neighbors (KNN) and its variant weighted KNN (WKNN) have been explored for years in both academy and industry to provide stable and reliable performance in WiFi-based indoor positioning systems. Such algorithms estimate the location of a given point based on the locality information from the selected nearest WiFi neighbors according to some distance metrics calculated from the combination of WiFi received signal strength (RSS). However, such a process does not consider the relational information among the given point, WiFi neighbors, and the WiFi access points (WAPs). Therefore, this …
The localization speed and accuracy in the indoor scenario can greatly impact the Quality of Experience of the user. While many individual machine learning models can achieve comparable positioning performance, their prediction mechanisms offer different complexity to the system. In this work, we propose a fingerprinting positioning method for multi-building and multi-floor deployments, composed of a cascade of three models for building classification, floor classification, and 2D localization regression. We conduct an exhaustive search for the optimally performing one in each step of the casc…
Determining assets position with high accuracy and scalability is one of the most investigated technology on the market. The accuracy provided by satellites-based positioning systems (i.e., GLONASS or Galileo) is not always sufficient when a decimeter-level accuracy is required or when there is the need of localising entities that operate inside indoor environments. Scalability is also a recurrent problem when dealing with indoor positioning systems. This paper presents an innovative UWB Indoor GPS-Like local positioning system able to tracks any number of assets without decreasing measurement…
With a significant increase in area throughput, Massive MIMO has become an enabling technology for fifth generation (5G) wireless mobile communication systems. Although prototypes were built, an openly available dataset for channel impulse responses to verify assumptions, e.g. regarding channel sparsity, is not yet available. In this paper, we introduce a novel channel sounder architecture, capable of measuring multiantenna and multi-subcarrier channel state information (CSI) at different frequency bands, antenna geometries and propagation environments. The channel sounder has been verified by…
Fingerprinting-based positioning, one of the promising indoor positioning solutions, has been broadly explored owing to the pervasiveness of sensor-rich mobile devices, the prosperity of opportunistically measurable location-relevant signals and the progress of data-driven algorithms. One critical challenge is to controland improve the quality of the reference fingerprint map (RFM), which is built at the offline stage and applied for online positioning. The key concept concerningthe quality control of the RFM is updating the RFM according to the newly measured data. Though varies methods have …
Indoor Positioning Based on Active Radar Sensing and Passive Reflectors: Reflector Placement Optimization
Institute of Signal Processing and System Theory, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany（信号处理与系统理论研究所，斯图加特大学，斯图加特，德国）；Munich Research Center, Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf GmbH, Munich, Germany（慕尼黑研究中心，华为技术杜塞尔多夫有限公司，慕尼黑，德国）
Augmenting Channel Simulator and Semi- Supervised Learning for Efficient Indoor Positioning
China Mobile Research Institute（中国移动研究院）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)（香港科技大学（广州））；Tsinghua University（清华大学）
State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Power Safety Monitoring Technology and Equipment, China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd（国家核电安全监控技术与装备重点实验室，中国核电工程有限公司）；School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology（华南理工大学自动化科学与工程学院）；South-tech Information Technology Co.,LTD（南方科技信息技术有限公司）
Visible light positioning (VLP) is widely believed to be a cost-effective answer to the growing demanded for robot indoor positioning. Considering that some extreme environments require robot to be equipped with a precise and radiation-resistance indoor positioning system for doing difficult work, a novel VLP system with high accuracy is proposed to realize the long-playing inspection and intervention under radiation environment. The proposed system with sufficient radiation-tolerance is critical for operational inspection, maintenance and intervention tasks in nuclear facilities. Firstly, we …
Visible light communication (VLC) utilizes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit wireless data. A VLC network can also be used to localize mobile users in indoor environments, where the global positioning system (GPS) signals are weak. However, the line-of-sight (LOS) links of mobile VLC devices can be blocked easily, which decreases the accuracy of localization. In this paper, we study tracking a VLC user when the availability of VLC access point (AP) link changes over the user's route. We propose a localization method for a single available AP and use known estimation methods when a large…
We introduce WiCluster, a new machine learning (ML) approach for passive indoor positioning using radio frequency (RF) channel state information (CSI). WiCluster can predict both a zone-level position and a precise 2D or 3D position, without using any precise position labels during training. Prior CSI-based indoor positioning work has relied on non-parametric approaches using digital signal-processing (DSP) and, more recently, parametric approaches (e.g., fully supervised ML methods). However these do not handle the complexity of real-world environments well and do not meet requirements for la…
In this paper, an indoor robot localization system based on Robot Operating System (ROS) and visible light communication (VLC) is presented. On the basis of our previous work, we innovatively designed a VLC localization and navigation package based on Robot Operating System (ROS), which contains the LED-ID detection and recognition method, the video target tracking algorithm and the double-lamp positioning algorithm. This package exploited the principle of double-lamp positioning and the loose coupling characteristics of the ROS system, which is implemented by loosely coupled ROS nodes. Conseq…
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), Indoor Positioning System (IPS) has attracted significant interest in academic research. Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is an emerging technology that can be employed for IPS as it offers centimetre-level accuracy. However, the UWB system still faces several technical challenges in practice, one of which is Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) signal propagation. Several machine learning approaches have been applied for the NLoS component identification. However, when the data contains a very small amount of NLoS components it becomes very difficult for ex…
The proposed infrastructure, named Techtile, provides a unique R&D facility as features dispersed electronics enables transmission and capturing of a multitude of signals in 3D. Specific available equipment that enhances the design process from smooth prototyping to a commercial product is discussed. The acoustic parameters of the room, particularly the reverberation and ambient noise, are measured to take these into account for future innovative acoustic indoor positioning and sensing systems. This can have a positive influence on the accuracy and precision. The wooden construction represents…
The accuracy of smartphone-based positioning methods using WiFi usually suffers from ranging errors caused by non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. Previous research usually exploits several statistical features from a long time series (hundreds of samples) of WiFi received signal strength (RSS) or WiFi round-trip time (RTT) to achieve a high identification accuracy. However, the long time series or large sample size attributes to high power and time consumption in data collection for both training and testing. This will also undoubtedly be detrimental to user experience as the waiting time of …
We showcase the practicability of an indoor positioning system (IPS) solely based on Neural Networks (NNs) and the channel state information (CSI) of a (Massive) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system, i.e., only build on the basis of data that is already existent in today's systems. As such our IPS system promises both, a good accuracy without the need of any additional protocol/signaling overhead for the user localization task. In particular, we propose a tailored NN structure with an additional phase branch as feature extractor and (compared to previous results) a signif…
