科技知识网络中高阶结构的涌现
The Emergence of Higher-Order Structure in Scientific and Technological Knowledge Networks
摘要：
科学和技术的发展是一个重组过程，其中新的发现和发明是建立在先前的知识。然而，人们对科学和技术知识如何发展并结合成更大的结构，从而实现或限制未来的突破，却知之甚少。网络科学最近成为衡量知识结构和动态的框架。现有的方法虽然有帮助，但难以捕捉底层网络的全球特性，导致对科学和技术进步的性质的相互矛盾的观察。我们弥合这一方法的差距，使用代数拓扑学的工具来表征跨尺度的科学技术知识网络的高阶结构。我们注意到，在许多科学和技术领域，知识的高级结构迅速增长。使用传统的网络测量方法无法观察到这种增长。我们进一步证明，高阶结构的出现与低阶结构的下降相一致，并且在历史上远远超过了科技合作网络中高阶结构的相应出现。在某种程度上，高阶结构的增加与更好的结果相关，这是通过论文和专利的新颖性和影响力来衡量的。然而，在更高层次的制度下产生的科学和技术的性质似乎也与在较低层次的制度下产生的科学和技术有质的不同，前者表现出更大的语言抽象性和更大的倾向于建立在先前的知识流。
英文摘要：
The growth of science and technology is a recombinative process, wherein new discoveries and inventions are built from prior knowledge. Yet relatively little is known about the manner in which scientific and technological knowledge develop and coalesce into larger structures that enable or constrain future breakthroughs. Network science has recently emerged as a framework for measuring the structure and dynamics of knowledge. While helpful, existing approaches struggle to capture the global properties of the underlying networks, leading to conflicting observations about the nature of scientific and technological progress. We bridge this methodological gap using tools from algebraic topology to characterize the higher-order structure of knowledge networks in science and technology across scale. We observe rapid growth in the higher-order structure of knowledge in many scientific and technological fields. This growth is not observable using traditional network measures. We further demonstrate that the emergence of higher-order structure coincides with decline in lower-order structure, and has historically far outpaced the corresponding emergence of higher-order structure in scientific and technological collaboration networks. Up to a point, increases in higher-order structure are associated with better outcomes, as measured by the novelty and impact of papers and patents. However, the nature of science and technology produced under higher-order regimes also appears to be qualitatively different from that produced under lower-order ones, with the former exhibiting greater linguistic abstractness and greater tendencies for building upon prior streams of knowledge.
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