Information-Centric Networking is still an incomplete paradigm which introduces a large variety of new topics and approaches over the traditional networking. Since it is a relatively new concept which promises for easier and faster data access many aspects of it have been studied intensely in recent years. Nonetheless, load balancing is one of the least focused but high potency, open-ended areas. The aim of this project is to present an alternative technique to load balancing in the domain of pre-suggested routing method LSCR (Link State Content Routing). We suggested multi-path interest and multi-source data packet routing on the bases of Forwarding and Routing Tables of LSCR and packet routing protocol of Source Routing. We have developed a simulator software to implement and test the multi-path routing algorithm. Multi-path routing and LSCR are compared with regard to the load of the links, package loss, package delay and overall network performance.
Revolutionizing Networking Paradigms: A Comprehensive Exploration of Information-Centric Networking (ICN), Content-Centric Networking(CCNx) and Named Data Networking (NDN)
In this paper, we introduce a new networking architecture called Group Centric Networking (GCN), which is designed to support the large number of devices expected with the emergence of the Internet of Things. GCN is designed to enable these devices to operate collaboratively in a highly efficient and resilient fashion, while not sacrificing their ability to communicate with one another. We do a full protocol implementation of GCN in NS3, and demonstrate that GCN utilizes up to an order of magnitude fewer network resources than traditional wireless networking schemes, while providing high conne…
In the creation of a smart future information society, Internet of Things (IoT) and Content Centric Networking (CCN) break two key barriers for both the front-end sensing and back-end networking. However, we still observe the missing piece of the research that dominates the current networking traffic control and system management, e.g., lacking of the knowledge penetrated into both sensing and networking to glue them holistically. In this paper, we envision to leverage emerging machine learning or deep learning techniques to create aspects of knowledge for facilitating the designs. In particul…
The 2nd workshop on Future Internet Architecture for Developing Regions (FI4D) took place on January 8th, 2017. The workshop was hosted by the 14th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications $\&$ Networking Conference in Las Vegas, USA. This report summarizes the motivation, discussions and perspectives held during the half-day event.
This document describes the core concepts of the CCNx architecture and presents a minimum network protocol based on two messages: Interests and Content Objects. It specifies the set of mandatory and optional fields within those messages and describes their behavior and interpretation. This architecture and protocol specification is independent of a specific wire encoding.
Information-Centric Networking is a promising networking paradigm that overcomes many of the limitations of current networking architectures. Various research efforts investigate solutions for securing ICN. Nevertheless, most of these solutions relax security requirements in favor of network performance. In particular, they weaken end-user privacy and the architecture's tolerance to security breaches in order to support middleboxes that offer services such as caching and content replication. In this paper, we adapt TLS, a widely used security standard, to an ICN context. We design solutions th…
Internet usage has shifted from host-centric end-to-end communication to a content-centric approach mainly used for content delivery. Information Centric Networking (ICN) was proposed as a promising novel content delivery architecture. ICN includes in-network caching features at every node which has a major impact on content retrieval. For instance, the ICN efficiency depends drastically on the management of the caching resources. The management of caching resources is achieved with caching strategies. Caching strategies decide what, where and when content is stored in the network. In this pap…
Content-centric networking (CCN) introduces a paradigm shift from a host centric to an information centric communication model for future Internet architectures. It supports the retrieval of a particular content regardless of the physical location of the content. Content caching and content delivery networks are the most popular approaches to deal with the inherent issues of content delivery on the Internet that are caused by its design. Moreover, intermittently connected mobile environments or disruptive networks present a significant challenge to CCN deployment. In this paper, we consider th…
In this paper we introduce the Generalized Virtual Networking (GVN) concept. GVN provides a framework to influence the routing of packets based on service level information that is carried in the packets. It is based on a protocol header inserted between the Network and Transport layers, therefore it can be seen as a layer 3.5 solution. Technically, GVN is proposed as a new transport layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. An IP router that is not GVN capable will simply process the IP destination address as usual. Similar concepts have been proposed in other works, and referred to as Ser…
In this paper we discuss the state of the art of (mobile) multi-hop ad hoc networking with the aim to present the current status of the research activities and identify the consolidated research areas, with limited research opportunities, and the hot and emerging research areas for which further research is required. We start by briefly discussing the MANET paradigm, and why the research on MANET protocols is now a cold research topic. Then we analyze the active research areas. Specifically, after discussing the wireless-network technologies we analyze four successful ad hoc networking paradig…
The advent of multi-domain and multi-requirement digital services requires an underlying network ecosystem able to understand service-specific contexts. In this work, we propose Knowledge Centric Networking (KCN), a paradigm in which knowledge is positioned at the center of the networking landscape. KCN enables approaches by which in-network knowledge generation and distribution can be used to support advanced network control intelligence that is essential to handle complexity and uncertainty in these emerging digital services. In this paper, we introduce the principles of KCN and present an a…
Many communities have researched the application of novel network architectures such as Content-Centric Networking (CCN) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to build the future Internet. Another emerging technology which is big data analysis has also won lots of attentions from academia to industry. Many splendid researches have been done on CCN, SDN, and big data, which all have addressed separately in the traditional literature. In this paper, we propose a novel network paradigm to jointly consider CCN, SDN, and big data, and provide the architecture internal data flow, big data processing…
Using Interests (requests that elicit content) and maintaining per-Interest forwarding state in Pending Interest Tables (PIT) are integral to the design of the Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) architectures. However, using PITs makes the network vulnerable to Interest-flooding attacks, and PITs can become very large. It is shown that in-network caching eliminates the need for Interest aggregation and obviates the use of PITs. A new approach to content-centric networking (CCN-GRAM) is introduced that provides all the benefits of NDN and CCNx, eliminates the use …
The architectural semantics of \emph{Information-Centric Networking} bring in interesting features in regards to mobility management: Information-Centric Networking is content-oriented, connection-less, and receiver-driven. Despite such intrinsic advantages, the support for node movement is being based on the principles of IP solutions. IP-based solutions are, however, host-oriented, and Information-Centric Networking paradigms are information-oriented. By following IP mobility management principles, some of the natural mobility support advantages of Information-Centric Networking are not bein…
Today's Internet is heavily used for multimedia streaming from cloud backends, while the Internet of Things (IoT) reverses the traditional data flow, with high data volumes produced at the network edge. Information Centric Networking (ICN) advocates against a host-centric communication model which is promising for distributed edge computing environments and the execution of IoT applications in a decentralized fashion. By using naming schemes, data is tightly coupled to names instead of hosts which simplifies discovery and access to data and services. However, the tight coupling challenges netw…
We introduce CCN-RAMP (Routing to Anchors Matching Prefixes), a new approach to content-centric networking. CCN-RAMP offers all the advantages of the Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) but eliminates the need to either use Pending Interest Tables (PIT) or lookup large Forwarding Information Bases (FIB) listing name prefixes in order to forward Interests. CCN-RAMP uses small forwarding tables listing anonymous sources of Interests and the locations of name prefixes. Such tables are immune to Interest-flooding attacks and are smaller than the FIBs used to list IP a…
This paper presents a proposition for informationcentric networking (ICN) that lies outside the typical trajectory of aiming for a wholesale replacement of IP as the internetworking layer of the Internet. Instead, we propose that a careful exploitation of key ICN benefits, expanding previously funded ICN efforts, will enable individual operators to improve the performance of their IP-based services along many dimensions. Alongside the main motivation for our work, we present an early strawman architecture for such an IP-over-ICN proposition, which will ultimately be implemented and trialed in …
A core feature of Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is opportunistic content caching in routers. It enables routers to satisfy content requests with in-network cached copies, thereby reducing bandwidth utilization, decreasing congestion, and improving overall content retrieval latency. One major drawback of in-network caching is that content producers have no knowledge about where their content is stored. This is problematic if a producer wishes to delete its content. In this paper, we show how to address this problem with a protocol called BEAD (Best-Effort Autonomous Deletion). BEAD achieves …
Forwarding data by name has been assumed to be a necessary aspect of an information-centric redesign of the current Internet architecture that makes content access, dissemination, and storage more efficient. The Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) architectures are the leading examples of such an approach. However, forwarding data by name incurs storage and communication complexities that are orders of magnitude larger than solutions based on forwarding data using addresses. Furthermore, the specific algorithms used in NDN and CCNx have been shown to have a number…
Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a new paradigm for the future Internet where content is addressed by hierarchically organized names with the goal to replace TCP/IP networks. Unlike IP addresses, names have arbitrary length and are larger than the four bytes of IPv4 addresses. One important data structure in CCN is the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) where prefixes of names are stored together with the forwarding face. Long prefixes create problems for memory constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In this work, we derive requirements for a FIB in the IoT and survey possible solutio…
Content replication to many destinations is a common use case in the Internet of Things (IoT). The deployment of IP multicast has proven inefficient, though, due to its lack of layer-2 support by common IoT radio technologies and its synchronous end-to-end transmission, which is highly susceptible to interference. Information-centric networking (ICN) introduced hop-wise multi-party dissemination of cacheable content, which has proven valuable in particular for low-power lossy networking regimes. Even NDN, however, the most prominent ICN protocol, suffers from a lack of deployment. In this pape…
Industrial production plants traditionally include sensors for monitoring or documenting processes, and actuators for enabling corrective actions in cases of misconfigurations, failures, or dangerous events. With the advent of the IoT, embedded controllers link these `things' to local networks that often are of low power wireless kind, and are interconnected via gateways to some cloud from the global Internet. Inter-networked sensors and actuators in the industrial IoT form a critical subsystem while frequently operating under harsh conditions. It is currently under debate how to approach inte…
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has emerged as a paradigm to cope with the lack of built-in security primitives and efficient mechanisms for content distribution of today's Internet. However, deploying ICN in a wireless environment poses a different set of challenges compared to a wired environment, especially when it comes to security. In this paper, we present the security issues that may arise and the attacks that may occur from different points of view when ICN is deployed in wireless environments. The discussed attacks may target both applications and the ICN network itself by exploi…
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is being realized as a promising approach to accomplish the shortcomings of current IP-address based networking. ICN models are based on naming the content to get rid of address-space scarcity, accessing the content via name-based-routing, caching the content at intermediate nodes to provide reliable, efficient data delivery and self-certifying contents to ensure better security. Obvious benefits of ICN in terms of fast and efficient data delivery and improved reliability raises ICN as highly promising networking model for Internet of Things (IoTs) like env…
The importance of HTTP in today's networks isundisputed. As a solution to enhance QoS and enhance scalability CDN networks have been designed and deployed. Recently, anew paradigm known as ICN has been envisioned focusing the network routing on the content itself instead of the geographical attachment of addresses. Software Defined Networkings (SDNs) have been researched for the last 10 years as enablers of FutureInternet (FI) architectures in general and of ICN in particular. We have already proposed the Information Centric Network as a Service (ICNaaS) architecture to provide with end-to-end…
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a recent paradigm that claims to mitigate some limitations of the current IP-based Internet architecture. The centerpiece of ICN is named and addressable content, rather than hosts or interfaces. Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a prominent ICN instance that shares the fundamental architectural design with its equally popular academic sibling Named-Data Networking (NDN). CCN eschews source addresses and creates one-time virtual circuits for every content request (called an interest). As an interest is forwarded it creates state in intervening routers …
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) specifically Name Data Networking (NDN) is the name-base (content-base) networking and takes named-contents as "first class citizen", being considered as the ideal candidate to form the Future Internet basis. NDN striking features like named-data self-secured contents, name-base-forwarding, in-network caching and mobility support suits the Internet of Things (IoT) environment, which aims to enable communication among smart devices and to combine all Internet-based smart applications under the one roof. With these aims, IoT put many research challenges regar…
In today's era of Internet of Things (IoT), where massive amounts of data are produced by IoT and other devices, edge computing has emerged as a prominent paradigm for low-latency data processing. However, applications may have diverse latency requirements: certain latency-sensitive processing operations may need to be performed at the edge, while delay-tolerant operations can be performed on the cloud, without occupying the potentially limited edge computing resources. To achieve that, we envision an environment where computing resources are distributed across edge and cloud offerings. In thi…
Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a new class of network architectures designed to address some key limitations of the current IP-based Internet. One of its main features is in-network content caching, which allows requests for content to be served by routers. Despite improved bandwidth utilization and lower latency for popular content retrieval, in-network content caching offers producers no means of collecting information about content that is requested and later served from network caches. Such information is often needed for accounting purposes. In this paper, we design some secure accou…
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is an internetworking paradigm that offers an alternative to the current IP\nobreakdash-based Internet architecture. ICN's most distinguishing feature is its emphasis on information (content) instead of communication endpoints. One important open issue in ICN is whether negative acknowledgments (NACKs) at the network layer are useful for notifying downstream nodes about forwarding failures, or requests for incorrect or non-existent information. In benign settings, NACKs are beneficial for ICN architectures, such as CCNx and NDN, since they flush state in ro…
Information-centric networking (ICN) facilitates content identification in networks and offers parametric representation of content semantics. This work, proposes an ICN/WDM network architecture that uses these features to offer superior network utilization, in terms of performance and power consumption. The architecture introduces an ICN publish/subscribe communication approach to the wavelength layer, whereby, content is aggregated according to its popularity rank into wavelength-size groups that can be published and "subscribed to" by multiple nodes. Consequently, routing and wavelength ass…
The Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) architectures are the leading approaches for content-centric networking, and both require using Interests (requests that elicit content) and maintaining per-Interest forwarding state in Pending Interest Tables (PIT) to store per-Interest forwarding state. To date, PITs have been assumed to be necessary to enable native support for multicasting in the data plane, such that multicast forwarding trees (MFT) are established by the forwarding and aggregation of Interests using PITs. We present a new approach to content-centric ne…
Today's networks are used primarily to move content. To cater to this requirement Information Centric Networks (ICN) were introduced. One of the main architectures of ICN is Content Centric Networking (CCN) and its derivative, Named Data Networking (NDN). CCN is standardized at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and is envisaged to replace the current Internet over time. To evaluate large scale deployments of CCN, a model framework called the inbaverSim is developed in OMNeT++. This work presents the architecture of this model framework together with an example evaluation using the mod…
With the development of new technologies and applications, such as the Internet of Things, smart cities, 5G, and edge computing, traditional Internet Protocol-based (IP-based) networks have been exposed as having many problems. Information-Centric Networking (ICN), Named Data Networking (NDN), and Content-Centric Networking (CCN) are therefore proposed as an alternative for future networks. However, unlike IP-based networks, CCN routing is nondeterministic and difficult to optimize due to frequent in-network caching replacement. This paper presents a novel probe-based routing algorithm that ex…
Cities around the world are increasingly promoting electric vehicles (EV) to reduce and ultimately eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the city of San Francisco aims to increase the number of EVs from tens of thousands to over quarter of a million by 2025. This huge number of EVs will put unprecedented stress on the power grid. To efficiently serve the increased charging load, these EVs need to be charged in a coordinated fashion. One promising coordination strategy is vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging coordination, enabling EVs to sell their surplus energy in an ad-hoc, peer to p…
Content Centric Networking (CCN) is a new network infrastructure around content dissemination and retrieval, shift from host addresses to named data. Each CCN router has a cache to store the chunks passed by it. Therefore the caching strategy about chunk placement can greatly affect the whole CCN performance. This paper proposes an implicit coordinate chunk caching location and searching scheme (CLS) in CCN hierarchical infrastructure. In CLS, there is at most one copy of a chunk cached on the path between a server and a leaf router. This copy is pulled down one level towards the leaf router b…
This paper explores the methodologies, challenges, and expected advantages related to the use of the information-centric network (ICN) technology for federating spatial databases. ICN services allow simplifying the design of federation procedures, improving their performance, and providing so-called data-centric security. In this work, we present an architecture that is able to federate spatial databases and evaluate its performance using a real data set coming from OpenStreetMap within a heterogeneous federation formed by MongoDB and CouchBase spatial database systems.
This paper explores the feasibility, advantages, and challenges of an ICN-based approach in the Internet of Things. We report on the first NDN experiments in a life-size IoT deployment, spread over tens of rooms on several floors of a building. Based on the insights gained with these experiments, the paper analyses the shortcomings of CCN applied to IoT. Several interoperable CCN enhancements are then proposed and evaluated. We significantly decreased control traffic (i.e., interest messages) and leverage data path and caching to match IoT requirements in terms of energy and bandwidth constrai…
Information Centric Networking based Handover Support for QoS Maintenance in Cooperative Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
信息网络（NetInf）是一个术语，用于描述不像现代网络那样以节点为中心的网络。顾名思义，信息取代了网络中的节点。在这份报告中，我们提出了一个架构的移动节点的NetInf。我们称之为NetInf Mobile Node。它是为NetInf提出的基本节点架构的扩展。它与基于NetInf和TCP/IP的网络兼容。该架构中的虚拟节点层模块提供对节点的移动性、功耗以及数据中继/存储服务的管理支持。内/外路由器构造路由器（I/O LCTR）是NetInf移动节点中引入的两个功能，用于在NetInf和非NetInf站点之间操作。NetInf移动节点的基本目的是在移动事件期间维持QoS。切换/移交是移动性期间的关键情况，其中正在进行的会话的QoS降级的机会很高。本报告提出了一个这样的情况下，在异构无线网络环境中切换的情况下，通过我们提出的算法，保持应用程序的QoS。
Line Speed Publish/Subscribe Inter-networking (LIPSIN) is one of the proposed forwarding mechanisms in Information Centric Networking (ICN). It is a stateless source-routing approach based on Bloom filters. However, it has been shown that LIPSIN is vulnerable to brute-force attacks which may lead to distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks and unsolicited messages. In this work, we propose a new forwarding approach that maintains the advantages of Bloom filter based forwarding while allowing forwarding nodes to statelessly verify if packets have been previously authorized, thus preventing …
Mobile users are envisioned to exploit direct communication opportunities between their portable devices, in order to enrich the set of services they can access through cellular or WiFi networks. Sharing contents of common interest or providing access to resources or services between peers can enhance a mobile node's capabilities, offload the cellular network, and disseminate information to nodes without Internet access. Interest patterns, i.e. how many nodes are interested in each content or service (popularity), as well as how many users can provide a content or service (availability) impact…
Peer-to-peer file sharing envisions a data-centric dissemination model, where files consisting of multiple data pieces can be shared from any peer that can offer the data or from multiple peers simultaneously. This aim, implemented at the application layer of the network architecture, matches with the objective of Named Data Networking (NDN), a proposed Internet architecture that features a data-centric communication model at the network layer. To study the impact of a data-centric network architecture on peer-to-peer file sharing, we proposed nTorrent, a peer-to-peer file sharing application …
This paper explores methodologies, advantages and challenges related to the use of Information Centric Networking (ICN) for realizing distributed spatial databases. Our findings show that the ICN functionality perfectly fits database requirements: routing-by-name can be used to dispatch queries and insertions, in-network caching to accelerate queries, and data-centric security to implement secure multi-tenancy. We present an ICN-based distributed spatial database, named OpenGeoBase, and describe its design choices. Thanks to ICN, OpenGeoBase can quickly and efficiently provide information to d…
5G networks mainly rely on infrastructure-centric cellular solutions to address data traffic and service demands. Continuously scaling infrastructure-centric cellular networks is not exempt of challenges, and beyond 5G networks should consider the active coexistence and coordination of infrastructure-centric and device-centric wireless networks. Device-centric wireless networks will build from D2D and MCNs. Device-centric wireless networks can push the limits of edge computing and networking to smart devices (including smartphones, vehicles, machines and robots), and exploit their mobile compu…
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a new networking paradigm, which replaces the widely used host-centric networking paradigm in communication networks (e.g., Internet, mobile ad hoc networks) with an information-centric paradigm, which prioritizes the delivery of named content, oblivious of the contents origin. Content and client security are more intrinsic in the ICN paradigm versus the current host centric paradigm where they have been instrumented as an after thought. By design, the ICN paradigm inherently supports several security and privacy features, such as provenance and identity…
Distributed multi-controller deployment is a promising method to achieve a scalable and reliable control plane of Software-Defined Networking (SDN). However, it brings a new challenge for balancing loads on the distributed controllers as the network traffic dynamically changes. The unbalanced load distribution on the controllers will increase response delay for processing flows and reduce the controllers'throughput. Switch migration is an effective approach to solve the problem. However, existing schemes focus only on the load balancing performance but ignore migration efficiency, which may re…
Information-centric networking (ICN) is one of the promising solutions that cater to the challenges of IP-based networking. ICN shifts the IP-based access model to a data-centric model. Named Data Networking (NDN) is a flexible ICN architecture, which is based on content distribution considering data as the core entity rather than IP-based hosts. User-generated mobile contents for real-time multimedia communication such as Internet telephony are very common these days and are increasing both in quality and quantity. In NDN, producer mobility is one of the challenging problems to support uninte…
The Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCN) architectures advocate Interest aggregation as a means to reduce end-to-end latency and bandwidth consumption. To enable these benefits, Interest aggregation must be realized through Pending Interest Tables (PIT) that grow in size at the rate of incoming Interests to an extent that may eventually defeat their original purpose. A thorough analysis is provided of the Interest aggregation mechanism using mathematical arguments backed by extensive discrete-event simulation results. We present a simple yet accurate analytical fram…
The secure distribution of protected content requires consumer authentication and involves the conventional method of end-to-end encryption. However, in information-centric networking (ICN) the end-to-end encryption makes the content caching ineffective since encrypted content stored in a cache is useless for any consumer except those who know the encryption key. For effective caching of encrypted content in ICN, we propose a novel scheme, called the Secure Distribution of Protected Content (SDPC). SDPC ensures that only authenticated consumers can access the content. The SDPC is a lightweight…
We present CCN-DART, a more efficient forwarding approach for content-centric networking (CCN) than named data networking (NDN) that substitutes Pending Interest Tables (PIT) with Data Answer Routing Tables (DART) and uses a novel approach to eliminate forwarding loops. The forwarding state required at each router using CCN-DART consists of segments of the routes between consumers and content providers that traverse a content router, rather than the Interests that the router forwards towards content providers. Accordingly, the size of a DART is proportional to the number of routes used by Inte…
