Oxygen activity and surface stability are two key parameters in the search for advanced materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide electrochemical cells, as overall device performance depends critically on them. In particular $in$ $situ$ and $operando$ characterisation techniques have accelerated the understanding of degradation processes and the identification of active sites, motivating the design and synthesis of improved, nanoengineered materials. In this short topical review we report on the latest developments of various sophisticated $in$ $situ$ and $operando$ characterization techniques, including Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy (TEM and SEM), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and synchrotron based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), among others. We focus on their use in three emerging topics, namely: (i) the analysis of general electrochemical reactions and the surface defect chemistry of electrode materials; (ii) the evolution of electrode surfaces achieved by nanoparticle exsolution for enhanced oxygen activity and (iii) the study of surface degradation caused by Sr segregation, leading to reduced durability. For each of these topics we highlight the most remarkable examples recently published. We anticipate that ongoing improvements in the characterisation techniques and especially a complementary use of them by multimodal approaches will lead to improved knowledge of $operando$ processes, hence allowing a significant advancement in cell performance in the near future.
Unraveling the storage mechanism of Na$_{3}$V$_{2-x}$Ni$_x$(PO$_4$)$_2$F$_3$/C cathodes for sodium-ion batteries through electrochemical, {\it operando} X-ray diffraction and microscopy studies
本研究结合 EIS、GITT、CV、operando XRD 与原位同步辐射 TXM,揭示 Ni 掺杂 Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃/C 正极的储钠机制、扩散动力学及长循环稳定性。
A Physics-Regularized Neural Network and Kirchhoff Markov Random Field Framework for Inferring Internal Electrochemical States from Operando Spectromicroscopy
The University of Tokyo(东京大学);Tohoku University(东北大学);Kumamoto University(熊本大学)
Operando spectro-ptychography reveals dynamical charge-storage and degradation pathways in redox-active electrodes
Stanford University(斯坦福大学);Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory(劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室);University of California, Los Angeles(加州大学洛杉矶分校);SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory(SLAC国家加速器实验室);University of California, Berkeley(加州大学伯克利分校)
Spatially inhomogeneous delithiation in LiNiO2 positive electrode: the effect of X-rays dose
Synchrotron SOLEIL(Soleil 同步辐射光源);Technische Universität München(慕尼黑工业大学);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UR1(法国国家科学研究中心);Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459(电化学储能研究网络);Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS UMR8234(索邦大学)
Operando probing of Li-insertion into LiMn$_2$O$_4$ cathodes by spectroscopic ellipsometry
提出了一种基于椭圆偏振光谱技术(SE)的电池电极离子嵌入和荷电状态的非破坏性观测方法。这种技术的潜力,用于执行时间分辨测量的(脱)锂过程的电极材料已被证明使用薄膜尖晶石LiMn $_2$ O $_4$作为锂离子电池的阴极。Li+离子在该材料中的化学扩散率已经由Li插入到膜中的时间演变确定,并且根据这些结果,已经可以将在该材料中观察到的有争议的赝电容行为与该层的纳米结构相关联。这里提出的结果建立了一个新的方法,电池材料和设备的operando表征提供了一个强大的工具,在电化学设备的集合中的离子扩散机制的理解。
Operando Characterization of Volume Changes in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes during Cycling using Isotope Multilayers
Clausthal University of Technology(克莱斯特大学);Clausthal Center for Materials Technology(克莱斯特材料技术中心);Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences, Paul Scherer Institute(保罗谢勒研究所中子与缪子科学中心)
Electrochemistry of thin films with operando grazing incidence X-ray scattering: bypassing electrolyte scattering for high fidelity time resolved studies
Quantifying Phase Transformations in Alloying Anodes via In-Situ Liquid Cell Hard X-ray Spectroscopy and Cryogenic Microscopy
Imperial College London(帝国理工学院);Diamond Light Source(钻石光源);Max-Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials(马克斯·普朗克可持续材料研究所);Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA Rouen Normandie, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, UMR 6634(鲁昂诺曼底大学、法国国家科学研究中心、鲁昂诺曼底国立应用科学学院、材料物理研究组)
Operando monitoring of single-particle kinetic state-of-charge heterogeneities and cracking in high-rate Li-ion anodes
近年来,对能够存储更多能量、更快充电和更长使用寿命的电池技术的需求迅速上升,这主要是由交通运输电气化和电网规模储能系统的推动。这导致了许多有前途的新型高倍率锂离子电池电极材料的开发。为了合理化和改善材料性能,至关重要的是要了解在实际电池运行过程中发生的纳米到中尺度的基本离子嵌入和降解机制。在这里,我们应用一个简单的实验室为基础的operando光学散射显微镜的方法来研究微米级棒的高速率阳极材料Nb $_{14}$ W $_3$ O $_{44}$在循环过程中的速率高达30 C。我们直接可视化杆的伸长,通过与系综X射线衍射的比较,使我们能够确定单个粒子的荷电状态(SOC)。还观察到散射强度随SOC的连续变化,使得能够观察到单个颗粒内的非平衡动力学相分离。相场建模(由脉冲场梯度核磁共振和电化学实验提供信息)被用来验证这种分离的动力学起源,其起因于锂离子扩散系数对SOC的依赖性。最后,我们见证了这种颗粒内SOC异质性如何导致颗粒开裂;我们跟踪所得碎片的循环行为,并表明它们可能与电极电断开。这些结果表明,光学散射显微镜的权力,以跟踪快速的非平衡过程,往往发生在不到1分钟,这将是不可访问的既定表征技术。
How nanoporous silicon-polypyrrole hybrids flex their muscles in aqueous electrolytes: In operando high-resolution x-ray diffraction and electron tomography-based micromechanical computer simulations
Pseudo-ternary LiBH4-LiCl-P2S5 system as structurally disordered bulk electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries
研究了LiBH_4-LiCl-P_2S_5混合体系在全固态电池中的性能。所研究的材料在加热到601 ℃以上时发生非晶化,伴随着有利于电池电解质应用的Li+电导率增加。在室温下测得的离子电导率为10- 3Scm-1,非晶化后的激活能为0.40(2)eV。材料的结构分析和表征表明,BH 4基团和PS 4可能属于相同的分子结构,其中Cl离子相互作用以容纳结构单元。由于其导电性,延展性和电化学稳定性(高达5 V,Au vs. Li+/Li),这种新的电解质在使用阴极材料(层状TiS 2,theo.在501 ℃下,以Li为阳极,在12 mA g ~(-1)(0. 05 C-倍率)的电流密度下进行10次循环,容量保持率为93%,循环稳定性良好。通过透射模式的同步加速器X射线衍射进行的进一步先进表征明显有助于更好地了解在中等温度下运行的固态电池电极的(脱)锂过程。
Using a dual plasma process to produce cobalt--polypyrrole catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells -- part I: characterisation of the catalytic activity and surface structure
介绍了一种新的双等离子体涂层工艺,用于制备燃料电池中氧还原反应的无铂催化剂。用各种方法分析由此产生的催化剂。通过循环伏安法、旋转环电极和旋转环盘电极进行电化学表征。由此获得的不同的催化剂的表面孔隙率的特征在于与氮气吸附技术和扫描电子显微镜用于确定膜的生长机制。它表明,催化活性化合物可以用这种双等离子体工艺生产。此外,催化活性可以通过改变等离子体工艺参数而显著变化。计算了生成的H $_2$ O $_2$的量,并表明2电子机理是主要的。等离子体涂覆机制不会显著改变所用碳载体的表面BET面积和孔径分布。此外,所产生的薄膜的扫描电子显微镜照片,并示出的柱状生长机制的偏好。通过使用不同的碳作为载体,它表明,有很强的依赖性的催化活性,这可能是有关的碳的化学性质。
A Workflow for Correlative in-situ Nano-chip Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atom Probe Tomography Enabled by Cryogenic Plasma Focused Ion Beam