Ising-like spin-1/2 magnetic materials are of interest for their ready connection to theory, particularly in the context of quantum critical behavior. In this work we report detailed studies of the magnetic properties of a member of the rare earth pyrosilicate family, D-Er$_{2}$Si$_{2}$O$_{7}$, which is known to display a highly anisotropic Ising-like g-tensor and effective spin-1/2 magnetic moments. We used powder neutron diffraction, powder inelastic neutron spectroscopy (INS), and single crystal AC susceptibility to characterize its magnetic properties. Neutron diffraction enabled us to determine the magnetic structure below the known transition temperature ($T_{N}$ = 1.9 K) in zero field, confirming that the magnetic state is a four-sublattice antiferromagnetic structure with two non-collinear Ising axes, as was previously hypothesized. Our powder INS data revealed a gapped excitation at zero field, consistent with anisotropic (possibly Ising) exchange. An applied field of 1 T produces a mode softening, which is consistent with a field-induced second order phase transition. To assess the relevance of D-Er$_{2}$Si$_{2}$O$_{7}$ to the transverse field Ising model, we performed AC susceptibility measurements on a single crystal with the magnetic field oriented in the direction transverse to the Ising axes. This revealed a transition at 2.65 T at 0.1 K, a field significantly higher than the mode-softening field observed by powder INS, showing that the field-induced phase transitions are highly field-direction dependent as expected. These measurements suggest that D-Er$_{2}$Si$_{2}$O$_{7}$ may be a candidate for further exploration related to the transverse field Ising model.
The rare-earth pyrosilicate family of compounds (RE$_{2}$Si$_{2}$O$_{7}$) hosts a variety of polymorphs, some with honeycomb-like geometries of the rare-earth sublattices, and the magnetism has yet to be deeply explored in many of the cases. Here we report on the ground state properties of C-Er$_{2}$Si$_{2}$O$_{7}$. C-Er$_{2}$Si$_{2}$O$_{7}$ crystallizes in the C2/m space group and the Er$^{3+}$ atoms form a distorted honeycomb lattice in the $a$-$b$ plane. We have utilized specific heat, DC susceptibility, and neutron diffraction measurements to characterize C-Er$_{2}$Si$_{2}$O$_{7}$. Our spe…
We report the single-crystal growth and the fundamental magnetic and thermodynamic properties of a rare-earth triangular lattice antiferromagnet CeCd$_3$As$_3$. In this rare-earth antiferromagnet, the Ce local moments form a perfect triangular lattice. Due to the spin-orbital-entangled nature of the Ce local moments, the compound exhibits extremely anisotropic antiferromagnetic couplings along the c direction and in the ab plane respectively. We show that CeCd$_3$As$_3$ represents a {\it rare} experimental realization of an antiferromagnetic Ising model on a two dimensional triangular lattice …
In this paper, we investigate the low temperature magnetic properties of the rare-earth garnet compound Nd$_3$Ga$_5$O$_{12}$ in detail by means of magnetization, specific heat and magnetocaloric effect measurements. The magnetic thermal properties along with the crystal field calculations reveal that the Nd$^{3+}$ ions form into a frustrated hyper-kagome lattice with connected triangles have an Ising-like ground state with the easy axis along the local [100], [010] and [001] directions. Instead of a quantum spin liquid ground state, an antiferromagnetically ordered state is found below $T_{\ma…
The rare-earth perovskite TbScO$_3$ has been widely used as a substrate for the growth of epitaxial ferroelectric and multiferroic thin films, while its detailed low-temperature magnetic properties were rarely reported. In this paper, we performed detailed magnetization, specific heat and single crystal neutron scattering measurements, along with the crystalline electric field calculations to study the low-temperature magnetic properties of TbScO$_3$. All our results suggest the magnetic Tb$^{3+}$ has an Ising-like pseudo-doublet ground state at low temperatures. Due to the constrain of local …
Transverse field Ising model is a common model in quantum magnetism and is often illustrated as an example for quantum phase transition. Its physical origin in quantum magnets, however, is actually not quite well-understood. The quantum mechanical properties of this model on frustrated systems are not well-understood either. We here clarify the physical origin, both extrinsic one and intrinsic one, for the transverse field of the quantum Ising model, and then explain the quantum effects in the Kagome system. We discuss the quantum plaquette order and the quantum phase transition out of this or…
The recent discoveries of proximate quantum spin-liquid compounds and their potential application in quantum computing informs the search for new candidate materials for quantum spin-ice and spin-liquid physics. While the majority of such work has centered on members of the pyrochlore family due to their inherently frustrated linked tetrahedral structure, the rare-earth pyrogermanates also show promise for possible frustrated magnetic behavior. With the familiar stoichiometry $RE_2$Ge$_2$O$_7$, these compounds generally have tetragonal symmetry with a rare-earth sublattice built of a spiral of…
Rare earth garnets are an exciting playground for studying the exotic magnetic properties of the frustrated hyperkagome lattice. Here we present a comprehensive study of the single ion and collective magnetic properties of the garnet Er$_3$Ga$_5$O$_{12}$. Using inelastic neutron scattering, we find a crystal field ground state doublet for Er$^{3+}$ with strong Ising anisotropy along local [100] axes. Magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity measurements provide evidence for long-range magnetic ordering with $T_N$~$=$~0.8~K, and no evidence for residual entropy is found when cooling through th…
$S$ = 1/2 Ising kagome antiferromagnets (KAFs) are rare in reality. In this work, we report the magnetic ground state and field-induced transitions of an $S$ = 1/2 Ising antiferromagnet with a stacked kagome geometry, Na$_5$Co$_{15.5}$Te$_6$O$_{36}$. Upon cooling, magnetic susceptibility measurement reveals three successive magnetic transitions at $T_1$ = 45.2 K, $T_2$ = 35.4 K, and $T_3 \sim$ 20 K. When the magnetic field is applied along the Ising $c$ axis, a strikingly anomalous initial magnetization lying outside the hysteresis loop is observed below $T_3$. Through the detailed characteriz…
Ising versus XY anisotropy in frustrated R$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_7$ compounds as seen by polarized neutrons
用极化中子衍射方法研究了具有单轴（R=Ho，Tb）和平面（R=Er，Yb）各向异性的R $_{2}$ Ti $_{2}$ O $_7$烧绿石化合物的场致磁序。局域磁化率张量\{ $χ_\parallel,χ_\perp$ \}的确定提供了在顺磁相（2-270 K）的场诱导结构的通用描述，无论场值（1-7 T）和方向。比较热变化的$χ_\parallel$和$χ_\perp$与计算使用稀土晶体场表明，交换和偶极相互作用必须考虑。我们确定在每种情况下的分子场张量，并表明它可以是强各向异性的。
In this report, we investigated a new rare earth based one-dimensional Ising spin chain magnet~\DNG~by means of magnetization, specific heat and powder neutron diffraction measurements. Due to the crystalline electrical field splitting, the magnetic Dy ions share an Ising like ground doublet state. Owning to the local point symmetry, these Ising moments form into two canted magnetic sublattices, which were further confirmed by the angle-dependent magnetization measurement. In zero fields, two successive antiferromagnetic phase transitions were found at temperatures $T_{\mathrm{N1}}=6~\rm K$ an…
RKKY interactions and anomalous Hall effect in metallic rare-earth pyrochlores
受Pr 2 Ir 2 O 7实验的启发，我们考虑金属烧绿石系统A2 B2 O 7，其中A-位点被稀土局域矩占据，B-位点托管5d过渡金属离子与巡回强自旋轨道耦合电子。假设A位上存在非Kramers双峰，我们推导出B位巡游电子介导的RKKY相互作用，并发现扩展的非Heisenberg相互作用。通过对RKKY相互作用的简化模型的分析，我们发现了一个局域磁矩相，它具有类伊辛磁偶极和类XY磁四极螺旋有序共存的特点。这种状态打破了时间反转和晶格对称性，并重建了B位电子能带结构，产生了具有固有异常霍尔效应和不可检测的小磁化的外尔金属相。我们讨论了我们的结果对Pr 2 Ir 2 O 7的影响。
The rare-earth magnet TmMgGaO$_{4}$ is proposed to be an intrinsic quantum Ising magnet described by the antiferromagnetic transverse field Ising model (TFIM) on a triangular lattice, where the relevant degrees of freedom are the non-degenerate dipole-multipole doublets of the Tm$^{3+}$ ions and the transverse field has an intrinsic origin from the weak splitting of the doublet. We compare this special doublet of Tm$^{3+}$ with the dipole-octupole Kramers doublet. We study the proposed effective model for the Tm-based triangular lattice and consider the effects of external magnetic fields and …
Disordered magnetic states known as spin liquids are of paramount importance in both fundamental and applied science. A classical state of this kind was predicted for the Ising antiferromagnetic triangular model more than half a century ago, while additional non-commuting exchange terms were proposed to induce its quantum version -- a quantum spin liquid. These predictions have not been yet confirmed experimentally. Here we report a discovery of such a state in the structurally perfect triangular-lattice antiferromagnet NdTa$_7$O$_{19}$. Its magnetic ground state is characterized by spin-1/2 d…
Frustrated magnets host the promises of material realizations of new paradigm of quantum matter, while direct comparison of unbiased model calculations with experimental measurements is still very challenging. Here, we design and implement a protocol of employing many-body computation methodologies for accurate model calculation -- both equilibrium and dynamical properties -- of a frustrated rare-earth magnet TmMgGaO$_4$ (TMGO), which perfectly explains the corresponding experimental findings. Our results confirm TMGO is an ideal realization of triangular-lattice Ising model with an intrinsic …
Over the past two decades, the magnetic ground states of all rare earth titanate pyrochlores have been extensively studied, with the exception of Sm$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$. This is, in large part, due to the very high absorption cross-section of naturally-occurring samarium, which renders neutron scattering infeasible. To combat this, we have grown a large, isotopically-enriched single crystal of Sm$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$. Using inelastic neutron scattering, we determine that the crystal field ground state for Sm$^{3+}$ is a dipolar-octupolar doublet with Ising anisotropy. Neutron diffraction experiments reve…
CoNb$_2$O$_6$ is a rare realization of the transverse field Ising model (TFIM), making it a useful tool for studying both equilibrium and non-equilibrium many-body quantum physics. Despite a large body of work dedicated to characterizing this material, details of the ordered states in the presence of relatively weak transverse fields have not been discussed in detail. Here, we present a detailed study of CoNb$_2$O$_6$ via ac susceptibility measurements in order to further characterize its low temperature behavior in the presence of a transverse field. Specifically, we call attention to an unco…
We report the low temperature magnetic properties of Ce$_2$Sn$_2$O$_7$, a rare-earth pyrochlore. Our susceptibility and magnetization measurements show that due to the thermal isolation of a Kramers doublet ground state, Ce$_2$Sn$_2$O$_7$ has Ising-like magnetic moments of $\sim1.18$ $μ_\mathrm{B}$. The magnetic moments are confined to the local trigonal axes, as in a spin ice, but the exchange interactions are antiferromagnetic. Below 1 K the system enters a regime with antiferromagnetic correlations. In contrast to predictions for classical $\langle 111 \rangle$-Ising spins on the pyrochlore…
Near the transverse-field induced quantum critical point of the Ising chain, an exotic dynamic spectrum consisting of exactly eight particles was predicted, which is uniquely described by an emergent quantum integrable field theory with the symmetry of the $E_8$ Lie algebra, but rarely explored experimentally. Here we use high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy to resolve quantum spin dynamics of the quasi-one-dimensional Ising antiferromagnet BaCo$_2$V$_2$O$_8$ in an applied transverse field. By comparing to an analytical calculation of the dynamical spin correlations, we identify $E_8$ partic…
The one-dimensional cobaltate Ca3Co2O6 is an intriguing material having an unconventional magnetic structure, displaying quantum tunneling phenomena in its magnetization. Using a newly developed experimental method, s-core-level non-resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (s-NIXS), we were able to image the atomic Co 3d orbital that is responsible for the Ising magnetism in this system. We show that we can directly observe that it is the complex d2 orbital occupied by the sixth electron at the high-spin Co-trig{3+} (d6) sites that generates this behavior. This is extremely rare in the research fie…
Magnetisation process in Er2Ti2O7 and Tb2Ti2O7 at very low temperature
我们提出了一个模型，占在很低的温度下的高场磁化强度在两个烧绿石受挫系统，Er 2 Ti 2 O 7和Tb 2 Ti 2 O 7。这两种化合物呈现出非常不同的基态：Er_2Ti_2O_7具有平面晶场各向异性，是反铁磁体，T_N=1.2K，而Tb_2Ti_2O_7具有Ising特征，在0.05K以下没有磁有序，因此被称为"自旋液体“。我们的模型是一个平均场自洽计算涉及的4个稀土网站的四面体，建筑单位的烧绿石晶格。它包括全晶场哈密顿量，无限范围偶极相互作用和各向异性最近邻交换三分量张量描述。对于Er 2 Ti 2 O 7，我们讨论了我们的治疗的交换张量的等价性，采取对角线在一个框架中连接到一个稀土-稀土键，与最近开发的Kramers双峰在烧绿石晶格的伪自旋哈密顿。在Tb_2Ti_2O_7中，我们模型的一个重要组成部分是在很低的温度下发生对称性破缺。我们比较它的预测等温磁化强度与“量子自旋冰”模型。
We study near-neighbour and dipolar Ising models on a lattice of corner-sharing octahedra. In an extended parameter range of both models, frustration between antiferromagnetism and a spin-ice-like three-in-three-out rule stabilises a Coulomb phase with correlated dipolar and quadrupolar spin textures, both yielding distinctive neutron-scattering signatures. Strong further-neighbour perturbations cause the two components to order independently, resulting in unusual multi-$k$ orders. We propose experimental realisations of our model in rare-earth antiperovskites.
Fracton Spin Liquid and Exotic Frustrated Phases in Ising-like Octochlore Magnets
University of California, Irvine（加州大学尔湾分校）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学滑铁卢纳米技术研究所）；Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems（马克斯·普朗克复杂系统物理研究所）；Rice University（莱斯大学）
We study structural and magnetic properties of rare-earth based semimetals RAuGe (R = Y, Gd-Tm, and Lu) using flux-grown single crystals. These compounds belong to the noncentrosymmetric polar space group P63mc. We confirm the systematic structural evolution at room temperature as a function of ionic radius of rare earths to clarify the isopointal crossover between two polar structures: three-dimensional LiGaGe-type and quasi-two-dimensional NdPtSb-type. Magnetism shows a characteristic anisotropy in reasonable agreement with the crystal electric field (CEF) theory; the easy-plane-type anisotr…
In this paper, we investigate the influence of the rare earth element (R) on the physical properties of RVO3 (R = Er, Ho, Y, Lu). For this purpose, a theoretical work is reported in this study using ab initio method with the intent of enhancing our knowledge of the electronic, and magnetic properties of RVO3 (R = Er, Ho, Y, Lu) compounds. The electronic properties of these materials show the presence of Jahn-Teller effect, with a band gap of approximately 0.58eV, 1.57eV, 1.12eV, 1.28eV, for ErVO3, HoVO3, YVO3, LuVO3, respectively. The magnetic contribution of Ho, Er, and V atoms in HoVO3, and …
Within the ionic Hubbard model, electron correlations transmute the single-particle gap of a band insulator into a Mott gap in the strong correlation limit. However understanding the nature of possible phases in between these two extreme insulating phases remains an outstanding challenge. We find two strongly correlated insulating phases in between the above extremes: (i) The insulating phase just before the Mott phase can be viewed as gapping a non-Fermi liquid state of spinons through staggered ionic potential. The quasi-particles of underlying spinons are orthogonal to physical electrons an…
Ising Supercriticality and Universal Magnetocalorics in Spiral Antiferromagnet Nd$_3$BWO$_9$
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）；Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）
We show that Ce- and Yb-based Kondo-lattice ferromagnets order mainly along the magnetically hard direction of the ground state Kramers doublet determined by crystalline electric field (CEF). Here we argue that this peculiar phenomenon, that was believed to be rare, is instead the standard case. Moreover, it seems to be independent on the Curie temperature $T_\mathrm{C}$, crystalline structure, size of the ordered moment and type of ground state wave function. On the other hand, all these systems show the Kondo coherence maximum in the temperature dependence of the resistivity just above $T_\m…
The rare-earth material $\mathrm{LiHoF_4}$ is believed to be an experimental realization of the celebrated (dipolar) Ising model, and upon the inclusion of a transverse field $B_x$, an archetypal quantum Ising model. Moreover, by substituting the magnetic Ho ions by non-magnetic Y ions, disorder can be introduced into the system giving rise to a dipolar disordered magnet and at high disorders to a spin-glass. Indeed, this material has been scrutinized experimentally, numerically and theoretically over many decades with the aim of understanding various collective magnetic phenomena. One of the …
Quasiparticle Dynamics in the 4d-4f Ising-like Double Perovskite Ba2DyRuO6 studied using Neutron Scattering and Machine-Learning Framework
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology（拉吉夫·甘地石油技术研究所）；ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory（STFC卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室ISIS中子与μ子源）；Oak Ridge National Laboratory（橡树岭国家实验室）；Indian Institute of Technology Goa（印度理工学院果阿分校）；University of Johannesburg（约翰内斯堡大学）
We present direct local-probe evidence for strongly hybridized nuclear-electronic spin states of an Ising ferromagnet LiHoF$_4$ in a transverse magnetic field. The nuclear-electronic states are addressed via a magnetic resonance in the GHz frequency range using coplanar resonators and a vector network analyzer. The magnetic resonance spectrum is successfully traced over the entire field-temperature phase diagram, which is remarkably well reproduced by mean-field calculations. Our method can be directly applied to a broad class of materials containing rare-earth ions for probing the substantial…
The influence of a staggered molecular field in frustrated rare-earth pyrochlores, produced via the magnetic iridium occupying the transition metal site, can generate exotic ground states, such as the fragmentation of the magnetization in the Ho compound. At variance with the Ising Ho$^{3+}$ moment, we focus on the behavior of the quasi isotropic magnetic moment of the Gd$^{3+}$ ion at the rare-earth site. By means of macroscopic measurements and neutron scattering, we find a complex situation where different components of the magnetic moment contribute to two antiferromagnetic non-collinear a…
Experimental observation of magnetoelectricity in spin ice Dy$_2$Ti$_2$O$_7$
稀土烧绿石中的非共线自旋模式是一种有趣的物理现象，它具有许多新的性质，如自旋冰和自旋激发。最近，自旋冰系统的磁激发被预测为磁电激活，而很少的实验工作直接证实了这一情况。本文通过铁电性、自旋动力学和介电行为对Dy $_2$ Ti $_2$ O $_7$的磁电性进行了系统的实验研究。在$T_{c1}$ =25 K和$T_{c2}$ =13 K处观察到两个铁电跃迁。在较低的转变温度以下，确定了显着的磁电耦合，与施加磁场后的电极化的强度的显着抑制。令人惊讶的是，较低的铁电转变温度正好与伊辛自旋顺磁转变点相吻合，低于该点，准粒子状单极子被填充，表明电偶极子和自旋矩之间的隐含相关性。虽然至今还没有一个像样的理论，但可能的磁电机制也进行了讨论。我们的研究结果将激发更多的调查，探索在这些自旋冰系统和其他挫折磁铁的多铁性。
We report a single-crystal study on the magnetism of the rare-earth compound PrTiNbO$_6$ that experimentally realizes the zigzag pseudospin-$\frac{1}{2}$ quantum antiferromagnetic chain model. Random crystal electric field caused by the site mixing between non-magnetic Ti$^{4+}$ and Nb$^{5+}$, results in the non-Kramers ground state quasi-doublet of Pr$^{3+}$ with the effective pseudospin-$\frac{1}{2}$ Ising moment. Despite the antiferromagnetic intersite coupling of about 4 K, no magnetic freezing is detected down to 0.1 K, whilst the system approaches its ground state with almost zero residu…
Universal whirling magnetic orders in non-Heisenberg Tsai-type quasicrystal approximants
Tokyo University of Science（东京科学大学）；Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University（东北大学先进材料多学科研究所）；Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University（东北大学物质材料研究所）；Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University（东北大学高级研究组织）；FOREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency（日本科学技术厅森林计划）；Hokkaido University（北海道大学）；Nagoya University（名古屋大学）；Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS)（综合研究组织科学与社会中子科学与技术中心）；J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency（日本原子能机构J-PARC中心）；High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)（高能加速器研究机构）；Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science（东京科学大学材料科学与工程系）
Optimized flux single-crystal growth of the quantum spin liquid candidate NdTa$_7$O$_{19}$ and other rare-earth heptatantalates, ErTa$_7$O$_{19}$ and GdTa$_7$O$_{19}$
Dilute dipolar Ising magnets remain a notoriously hard problem to tackle both analytically and numerically because of long-ranged interactions between spins as well as rare region effects. We study a new type of anisotropic dilute dipolar Ising system in three dimensions [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 114}, 247207 (2015)] that arises as an effective description of randomly diluted classical spin ice, a prototypical spin liquid in the disorder-free limit, with a small fraction $x$ of non-magnetic impurities. Metropolis algorithm within a parallel thermal tempering scheme fails to achieve equilibration …
