In 1926, Erwin Schrodinger wrote a series of papers that invented wave mechanics and set the foundation for much of the single-particle quantum mechanics that we teach today. In his first paper, he solved the Schrodinger equation using the Laplace method, which is a technique that is quite powerful, but rarely taught. This is unfortunate, because it opens the door to examining quantum mechanics from a complex-analysis perspective. Gaining this experience with complex analysis is a useful notion to consider when teaching quantum mechanics, as these techniques can be widely used outside of quantum mechanics, unlike the standard Frobenius summation method, which is normally taught, but rarely used elsewhere. The Laplace method strategy is subtle and no one has carefully gone through the arguments that Schrodinger did in this first paper, instead it is often just stated that the solution was adopted from Schlesinger's famous differential equation textbook. In this work, we show how the Laplace method can be used to solve for the quantum-mechanical energy eigenfunctions of the hydrogen atom, following Schrodinger's original solution, with all the necessary details, and illustrate how it can be taught in advanced instruction; it does require familiarity with intermediate-level complex analysis, which we also briefly review.
We present analytical solutions of the Schrodinger equation for the one-dimensional hydrogen molecular ion. In particular, we present closed form expressions for the electronic energy curves of this system that correspond to the ground state and the first excited state. Our results agree with numerical solutions obtained before.
The derivation of the time dependent Schrödinger equation with transversal and longitudinal relaxation, as the quantum mechanical analog of the classical Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation, has been described. Starting from the classical Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation the transition to quantum mechanics has been performed and the corresponding von-Neumann equation deduced. In a second step the time Schrödinger equation has been derived. Analytical proofs and computer simulations show the correctness and applicability of the derived Schrödinger equation.
The Coulomb problem for Schrödinger equation is examined, in spaces of constant curvature, Lobachevsky H_{3} and Riemann S_{3} models, on the base of generalized parabolic coordinates. In contrast to the hyperbolic case, in spherical space S_{3} such parabolic coordinates turn to be complex-valued, with additional constraint on them. The technique of the use of such real and complex coordinates in two space models within the method of separation of variables in Schrödinger equation with Kepler potential is developed in detail; the energy spectra and corresponding wave functions for bound state…
We revisit the definition of the probability current for the Schrodinger equation. First, we prove that the Dirac probability currents of stationary wave functions of the hydrogen atom and of the isotrop harmonic oscillator are not nil and correspond to a circular rotation of the probability. Then, we recall how it is necessary to add to classical Pauli and Schrodinger currents, an additional spin-dependant current, the Gordan current. Consequently, we get a circular probability current in the Schrodinger approximation for the hydrogen atom and the isotrop harmonic oscillator.
It is shown fields that cannot be represented over one complex plane can be further decomposed for representation over multiple complex planes. This finding is demonstrated here by solving of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom in a complex space containing three complex planes. The complex coordinate system is generated from real coordinates using an isometric transformation. One plane is applied to mix energy and time; the other two planes are used to represent the z-component of angular momentum of the electron. The eigensolutions of the Schrödinger equation are shown to be holom…
Propagation effects are analyzed for electromagnetic (EM) waves which satisfy the one-soliton non-linear Schrodinger (NLS) equation in a dispersive wave guide. The coupling between momentum and frequencies due to dispersion relation is treated by a coupled Hamiltonian-Momentum operator with equal-space commutation relations(CR). Kerr interactions in the soliton are treated. The classical solution of the one-soliton with possible quantum effects are analyzed. The integrability of nonlinear equations is related to compatibility-condition for scattering matrices and such relation is applied to th…
The behavior of a classical charged point particle under the influence of only a Coulombic binding potential and classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation, is shown to yield agreement with the probability density distribution of Schroedinger's wave equation for the ground state of hydrogen. These results, obtained without any fitting parameters, again raise the possibility that the main tenets of stochastic electrodynamics (SED) are correct, thereby potentially providing a more fundamental basis of quantum mechanics. The present methods should help propel yet deeper investigations into SE…
Is it possible that two different transitions in the non-relativistic quantum mechanical model of the hydrogen atom give the same frequency? That is, can different energy level transitions in a hydrogen atom have the same photon radiation frequency? This question, which was asked during a Ph.D. oral exam in 1997 at the University of Colorado Boulder, is well-known among physics graduate students. We show a general solution to this question, in which all equifrequency transition pairs can be obtained from the set of solutions of a Diophantine equation. This fun puzzle is a simple yet concrete e…
We study an analogue of the equations describing TE and TM modes in a planar waveguide with an arbitrary continuous dependence of the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability on coordinates with the stationary Schrödinger equation. The effective potential energies involved in the Schrödinger equation for TE and TM modes are found. In general, the effective potential energies for TE and TM modes are different but in the limit of a weak dependence of the permittivity and permeability on coordinates they coincide. In the case when the product of a position-dependent permittivity and permea…
Being comparable in quantum systems makes it possible for spaces with varying dimensions to attribute each other using special conversions can attribute schrodinger equation with like-hydrogen atom potential in defined dimensions to a schrodinger equation with other certified dimensions with isotropic oscillator potential. Applying special transformation provides a relationship between different dimensions of two quantum systems. The result of the quantized isotropic oscillator can be generalized to like-hydrogen atom problem in different dimensions. The connection between coordinate spaces in…
We consider general theoretical models of water and in particular the nature of the motions of the hydrogen nuclei. If the motion of hydrogen nuclei is classical, then the thermodynamic pressure equation of state for heavy water wherein the hydrogen nuclei are deuterons is identical to the pressure equation of state for light water wherein the hydrogen nuclei are protons. Since the experimental thermodynamic phase diagram for light water is clearly measurably different from the experimental thermodynamic phase diagram for heavy water, one may deduce that the motions of hydrogen nuclei are quan…
Very first time Elzaki transform is used in non relativistic quantum mechanics to solve $N$-dimensional Schrödinger equation in a closed form for different solvable potential models. A universal transformation scheme is introduced and a formula based approach is developed which shows how to apply Elzaki transform to differential equation with non-constant coefficients that generally appear in solving quantum mechanical initial value problems specially for multidimensional Schrödinger equation.
A duality between an electrostatic problem in a three dimensional world and a quantum mechanical problem in a one dimensional world which allows one to obtain the ground state solution of the Schrödinger equation by using electrostatic results is generalized to three dimensions. Here, it is demonstrated that the same transformation technique is also applicable to the s-wave Schrödinger equation in three dimensions for central potentials. This approach leads to a general relationship between the electrostatic potential and the s-wave function and the electric energy density to the quantum mecha…
Schrödinger cat states, consisting of superpositions of macroscopically distinct states, provide key resources for a large number of emerging quantum technologies in quantum information processing. Here we propose how to generate and manipulate mechanical and optical Schrödinger cat states with distinguishable superposition components by exploiting the unique properties of cavity optomechanical systems based on Bose-Einstein condensate. Specifically, we show that in comparison with its solid-state counterparts, almost a $3$ order of magnitude enhancement in the size of the mechanical Schröding…
As a serious attempt for constructing a new foundation for describing micro-entities from a causal standpoint, it was explained before in [1, 2, 3] that by unifying the concepts of information, matter and energy, each micro-entity is assumed to be composed of a probability field joined to a particle called a particle-field or PF system. The relativistic generalization of this theory and its invariance under Lorentz transformation has been proved. In this essay, based on the relativistic generalization of Schrodinger equation derived in [4], we solve the relativistic Schrodinger equation for re…
Cavity quantum optomechanics has emerged as a new platform for quantum science and technology with applications ranging from quantum-information processing to tests of the foundations of physics. Of crucial importance for optomechanics is the generation and verification of non-Gaussian states of motion and a key outstanding challenge is the observation of a canonical two-mode Schrödinger-cat state in the displacement of two mechanical oscillators. In this work, we introduce a pulsed approach that utilizes the nonlinearity of the radiation-pressure interaction combined with photon-counting meas…
We extend the Levi-Civita (L-C) and Kustaanheimo-Stiefel (K-S) regularization methods that maps the classical system where a particle moves under the combined influence of $\frac{1}{r}$ and $r^2$ potentials to a harmonic oscillator with inverted sextic potential and interactions to corresponding quantum mechanical counterparts, both in 2 and 3 dimensions. Using the perturbative solutions of the Schrödinger equation of the later systems, we derive the eigen spectrum of the Hydrogen atom in presence of an additional harmonic potential. We have also obtained the mapping of a particle moving in th…
A famous pre-Newtonian formula for $π$ is obtained directly from the variational approach to the spectrum of the hydrogen atom in spaces of arbitrary dimensions greater than one, including the physical three dimensions.
We note that presenting Hydrogen atom Schrodinger equation in the case of arbitrary dimensions require simultaneous modification of the Coulomb potential that only in three dimensions has the form Z/r . This was not done in a number of relatively recent papers [1-5]. Therefore some results obtained there seem to be doubtful. Some required considerations in the area are mentioned.
In this work, we used a tool of conventional Nikiforov-Uvarov method to determine bound state solution of Schrodinger equation with quantum interaction potential called Hulthen-Yukawa inversely quadratic potential (HYIQP). We obtained the energy eigen values and the total wave function . We employed Hellmann-Feynmann Theorem (HFT) to compute expectation values for four different diatomic molecules: Hydrogen molecule (H2), Lithium hydride molecule (LiH), Hydrogen Chloride molecule (HCl) and Carbon(II)Oxide molecule. The resulting energy equation reduces to three well known potentials which are:…
The classical Landau-Lifshitz equation has been derived from quantum mechanics. Starting point is the assumption of a non-Hermitian Hamilton operator to take the energy dissipation into account. The corresponding quantum mechanical time dependent Schrödinger, Liouville and Heisenberg equation have been described and the similarities and differences between classical and quantum mechanical spin dynamics have been discussed. Furthermore, a time dependent Schrödinger equation corresponding to the classical Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation and two ways to include temperature into the quantum mecha…
In the one-dimensional stationary case, we construct a mechanical Lagrangian describing the quantum motion of a non-relativistic spinless system. This Lagrangian is written as a difference between a function $T$, which represents the quantum generalization of the kinetic energy and which depends on the coordinate $x$ and the temporal derivatives of $x$ up the third order, and the classical potential $V(x)$. The Hamiltonian is then constructed and the corresponding canonical equations are deduced. The function $T$ is first assumed arbitrary. The development of $T$ in a power series together wit…
Lagrangian formulation of quantum mechanical Schrödinger equation is developed in general and illustrated in the eigenbasis of the Hamiltonian and in the coordinate representation. The Lagrangian formulation of physically plausible quantum system results in a well defined second order equation on a real vector space. The Klein-Gordon equation for a real field is shown to be the Lagrangian form of the corresponding Schrödinger equation.
The fractional operators together with exponential quantum in coordinate and momentum space corresponding to the power of observables are introduced. Based on an exponential relation between energy and momentum, the fractional Schrödinger equations for the free particle and the one in potential fields in heterogeneous complex media are found. The fractional equation of motion and the fractional virial theorem for anomalous quantum mechanics are then developed. Applying the fractional virial theorem, we derive an anomalous hydrogen atom whose transition energy values are much higher than that o…
We show in this paper that the basic representations of position and momentum in a quantum mechanical system, that are guided by a generalized uncertainty principle and lead to a corresponding one-parameter eigenvalue problem, can be interpreted in terms of an extended Schrodinger equation embodying momentum-dependent mass. Some simple consequences are pointed out.
The working of a quantum computer is described in the concrete example of a quantum simulator of the single-particle Schrodinger equation. We show that a register of 6-10 qubits is sufficient to realize a useful quantum simulator capable of solving in an efficient way standard quantum mechanical problems.
The stability properties of a class of dissipative quantum mechanical systems are investigated. The nonlinear stability and asymptotic stability of stationary states (with zero and nonzero dissipation respectively) is investigated by Liapunov's direct method. The results are demonstrated by numerical calculations on the example of the damped harmonic oscillator.
The Schrodinger equation is one of the most important equations in physics and chemistry and can be solved in the simplest cases by computer numerical methods. Since the beginning of the 70s of the last century the computer began to be used to solve this equation in elementary quantum systems, e.g. and in the most complex case a hydrogen-like system. Obtaining the solution means finding the wave function, which allows predicting the physical and chemical properties of the quantum system. However, when a quantum system is more complex than a hydrogen-like system then we must be satisfied with a…
Bohr atomic model is based on the assumption that electrons on allowed quantized orbits do not radiate. Its main results include the values of the radii of circular quantized orbits and of the hydrogen atom energy levels. Quantum mechanical justifications of both his hypothesis and of the well known radii relation, which is used to compute the energy levels, are presented.
The idea of equivalence of the free electromagnetic phase and quantum-mechanical one is investigated in an attempt to seek modifications of Schrödinger's equation that could realize it. It is assumed that physically valid realizations are compatibile with the U(1)-gauge and Galilean invariance. It is shown that such extensions of the Schrödinger equation do not exist, which also means that despite their apparent similarity the quantum-mechanical phase is essentially different from the electromagnetic one.
We propose a first order equation from which the Schrodinger equation can be derived. Matrices that obey certain properties are introduced for this purpose. We start by constructing the solutions of this equation in 1D and solve the problem of electron scattering from a step potential. We show that the sum of the spin up and down, reflection and transmission coefficients, is equal to the quantum mechanical results for this problem. Furthermore, we present a 3D version of the equation which can be used to derive the Schrodinger equation in 3D.
We discuss elementary entwiners that cross-weave the variables of certain integrable models: Liouville, sine-Gordon, and sinh-Gordon field theories in two-dimensional spacetime, and their quantum mechanical reductions. First we define a complex time parameter that varies from one energy-shell to another. Then we explain how field propagators can be simply expressed in terms of elementary functions through the combination of an evolution in this complex time and a duality transformation.
