水中脉冲等离子体的超快X射线成像
Ultrafast X-ray imaging of pulsed plasmas in water
摘要：
液体中的脉冲等离子体表现出物质的三相（液体，气体，等离子体）之间的复杂相互作用，目前在多个领域的广泛应用中使用，然而，我们对液体中等离子体引发的理解存在重大知识差距，阻碍了其他应用和控制;这一研究领域目前缺乏全面的预测模型。为了帮助在这方面的进展实验，在这里，我们提出了第一个已知的超快（50 ps）X射线图像的脉冲等离子体引发过程中的水（+25千伏，10纳秒，5毫焦耳），礼貌的X射线成像技术可在阿贡国家实验室的先进光子源（APS），支持纳秒光学成像和计算X射线衍射模型。这些结果清楚地解决了在初始时间尺度期间通常被光发射（<100 ns）遮蔽的窄（~10微米）低密度等离子体通道，这是在没有获得最先进的X射线源（例如APS同步加速器）的情况下进行等离子体实验的众所周知的困难问题。在这项工作中提出的图像说话的几个流行的等离子体引发的假设，支持电致伸缩和气泡变形为主导的引发现象。我们还展示了在这项工作中使用的等离子体设置作为一个便宜的（$<$ US\$100K），紧凑，可重复的基准成像目标（29.1公里/秒，1 TW/cm $^2$）的发展有用的下一代超快成像的高能量密度物理（HEDP），以及更容易集成HEDP研究同步加速器使能的设施。
英文摘要：
Pulsed plasmas in liquids exhibit complex interaction between three phases of matter (liquids, gas, plasmas) and are currently used in a wide range of applications across several fields, however significant knowledge gaps in our understanding of plasma initiation in liquids hinder additional application and control; this area of research currently lacks a comprehensive predictive model. To aid progress in this area experimentally, here we present the first-known ultrafast (50 ps) X-ray images of pulsed plasma initiation processes in water (+25 kV, 10 ns, 5 mJ), courtesy of the X-ray imaging techniques available at Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source (APS), with supporting nanosecond optical imaging and a computational X-ray diffraction model. These results clearly resolve narrow (~10 micron) low-density plasma channels during initiation timescales typically obscured by optical emission (<100 ns), a well-known and difficult problem to plasma experiments without access to state-of-the-art X-ray sources such as the APS synchrotron. Images presented in this work speak to several of the prevailing plasma initiation hypotheses, supporting electrostriction and bubble deformation as dominant initiation phenomena. We also demonstrate the plasma setup used in this work as a cheap ($<$US\$100k), compact, and repeatable benchmark imaging target (29.1 km/s, 1 TW/cm$^2$) useful for the development of next-generation ultrafast imaging of high-energy-density physics (HEDP), as well as easier integration of HEDP research into synchrotron-enabled facilities.
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