“难以区分”的概念
The Concept 'Indistinguishable'
摘要：
量子理论中不可区分粒子的概念是本体论问题的基础。所有的普通物质都是由电子、质子、中子和光子组成的，它们都是难以区分的粒子。然而，这个概念本身却被证明是难以捉摸的，部分原因是量子理论普遍存在的解释上的困难，部分原因是这个概念对于普朗克在1900年发现量子本身是如此重要;它受到了革命的阻碍。我提供了一个通货紧缩的阅读概念“不可区分”，这是相同的吉布斯概念的“通用相位”，除了它是定义为状态空间只有有限多个状态的有界体积和能量（有限多正交态，在量子力学）。这一点，也仅仅是这一点，就造成了量子概念和吉布斯概念之间的差异。这个主张在几个方面是异端的，但在这里我们只考虑这个主张本身的内容，以及它与量子理论早期历史的关系，而不是与当代关于粒子不可逆性和排列对称性的争论的关系。它有力地阐明了这段历史。
英文摘要：
The concept of indistinguishable particles in quantum theory is fundamental to questions of ontology. All ordinary matter is made of electrons, protons, neutrons, and photons and they are all indistinguishable particles. Yet the concept itself has proved elusive, in part because of the interpretational difficulties that afflict quantum theory quite generally, and in part because the concept was so central to the discovery of the quantum itself, by Planck in 1900; it came encumbered with revolution. I offer a deflationary reading of the concept "indistinguishable" that is identical to the Gibbs concept of "generic phase", save that it is defined for state spaces with only finitely-many states of bounded volume and energy (finitely-many orthogonal states, in quantum mechanics). That, and that alone, makes for the difference between the quantum and Gibbs concepts of indistinguishability. This claim is heretical on several counts, but here we consider only the content of the claim itself, and its bearing on the early history of quantum theory rather than in relation to contemporary debates about particle indistinguishability and permutation symmetry. It powerfully illuminates that history.
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