Binary convolutional networks have lower computational load and lower memory foot-print compared to their full-precision counterparts. So, they are a feasible alternative for the deployment of computer vision applications on limited capacity embedded devices. Once trained on less resource-constrained computational environments, they can be deployed for real-time inference on such devices. In this study, we propose an implementation of binary convolutional network inference on GPU by focusing on optimization of XNOR convolution. Experimental results show that using GPU can provide a speed-up of up to $42.61\times$ with a kernel size of $3\times3$. The implementation is publicly available at https://github.com/metcan/Binary-Convolutional-Neural-Network-Inference-on-GPU
Allen Institute for AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
We propose two efficient approximations to standard convolutional neural networks: Binary-Weight-Networks and XNOR-Networks. In Binary-Weight-Networks, the filters are approximated with binary values resulting in 32x memory saving. In XNOR-Networks, both the filters and the input to convolutional layers are binary. XNOR-Networks approximate convolutions using primarily binary operations. This results in 58x faster convolutional operations and 32x memory savings. XNOR-Nets offer the possibility of running state-of-the-art networks on CPUs (rather than GPUs) in real-time. Our binary networks are…
Deploying state-of-the-art CNNs requires power-hungry processors and off-chip memory. This precludes the implementation of CNNs in low-power embedded systems. Recent research shows CNNs sustain extreme quantization, binarizing their weights and intermediate feature maps, thereby saving 8-32\x memory and collapsing energy-intensive sum-of-products into XNOR-and-popcount operations. We present XNORBIN, an accelerator for binary CNNs with computation tightly coupled to memory for aggressive data reuse. Implemented in UMC 65nm technology XNORBIN achieves an energy efficiency of 95 TOp/s/W and an a…
This paper proposes an improved training algorithm for binary neural networks in which both weights and activations are binary numbers. A key but fairly overlooked feature of the current state-of-the-art method of XNOR-Net is the use of analytically calculated real-valued scaling factors for re-weighting the output of binary convolutions. We argue that analytic calculation of these factors is sub-optimal. Instead, in this work, we make the following contributions: (a) we propose to fuse the activation and weight scaling factors into a single one that is learned discriminatively via backpropaga…
AGH University of Science and Technology（AGH科学与技术大学）
Deep learning algorithms are a key component of many state-of-the-art vision systems, especially as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) outperform most solutions in the sense of accuracy. To apply such algorithms in real-time applications, one has to address the challenges of memory and computational complexity. To deal with the first issue, we use networks with reduced precision, specifically a binary neural network (also known as XNOR). To satisfy the computational requirements, we propose to use highly parallel and low-power FPGA devices. In this work, we explore the possibility of accelera…
Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) are increasingly preferred over full-precision Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs) to reduce the memory and computational requirements of inference processing with minimal accuracy drop. BNNs convert CNN model parameters to 1-bit precision, allowing inference of BNNs to be processed with simple XNOR and bitcount operations. This makes BNNs amenable to hardware acceleration. Several photonic integrated circuits (PICs) based BNN accelerators have been proposed. Although these accelerators provide remarkably higher throughput and energy efficiency than their electron…
Convolution neural networks are widely used for mobile applications. However, GPU convolution algorithms are designed for mini-batch neural network training, the single-image convolution neural network inference algorithm on mobile GPUs is not well-studied. After discussing the usage difference and examining the existing convolution algorithms, we proposed the HNTMP convolution algorithm. The HNTMP convolution algorithm achieves $14.6 \times$ speedup than the most popular \textit{im2col} convolution algorithm, and $2.30 \times$ speedup than the fastest existing convolution algorithm (direct co…
Hasso Plattner Institute (HPI), University of Potsdam（哈索·普拉特纳研究所（HPI），波茨坦大学）
Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) can drastically reduce memory size and accesses by applying bit-wise operations instead of standard arithmetic operations. Therefore it could significantly improve the efficiency and lower the energy consumption at runtime, which enables the application of state-of-the-art deep learning models on low power devices. BMXNet is an open-source BNN library based on MXNet, which supports both XNOR-Networks and Quantized Neural Networks. The developed BNN layers can be seamlessly applied with other standard library components and work in both GPU and CPU mode. BMXNet is …
Sharif University of Technology（谢里夫理工大学）；University of California, Davis（加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校）
Many mobile applications running on smartphones and wearable devices would potentially benefit from the accuracy and scalability of deep CNN-based machine learning algorithms. However, performance and energy consumption limitations make the execution of such computationally intensive algorithms on mobile devices prohibitive. We present a GPU-accelerated library, dubbed CNNdroid, for execution of trained deep CNNs on Android-based mobile devices. Empirical evaluations show that CNNdroid achieves up to 60X speedup and 130X energy saving on current mobile devices. The CNNdroid open source library…
Institute of Medical Informatics, Universität zu Lübeck（吕贝克大学医学信息学研究所）
Current deep learning methods are based on the repeated, expensive application of convolutions with parameter-intensive weight matrices. In this work, we present a novel concept that enables the application of differentiable random ferns in end-to-end networks. It can then be used as multiplication-free convolutional layer alternative in deep network architectures. Our experiments on the binary classification task of the TUPAC'16 challenge demonstrate improved results over the state-of-the-art binary XNOR net and only slightly worse performance than its 2x more parameter intensive floating poi…
Advanced Mining Technology Center & Dept. of Elect. Eng., Universidad de Chile（智利大学先进采矿技术中心与电气工程系）
The main goal of this paper is to analyze the general problem of using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in robots with limited computational capabilities, and to propose general design guidelines for their use. In addition, two different CNN based NAO robot detectors that are able to run in real-time while playing soccer are proposed. One of the detectors is based on the XNOR-Net and the other on the SqueezeNet. Each detector is able to process a robot object-proposal in ~1ms, with an average number of 1.5 proposals per frame obtained by the upper camera of the NAO. The obtained detection …
Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable accuracy in many artificial intelligence applications, e.g. computer vision, at the cost of a large number of parameters and high computational complexity. Weight pruning can compress DNN models by removing redundant parameters in the networks, but it brings sparsity in the weight matrix, and therefore makes the computation inefficient on GPUs. Although pruning can remove more than 80% of the weights, it actually hurts inference performance (speed) when running models on GPUs. Two major problems cause this unsatisfactory performance on GPUs. First,…
Convolution neural network demonstrates great capability for multiple tasks, such as image classification and many others. However, much resource is required to train a network. Hence much effort has been made to accelerate neural network by reducing precision of weights, activation, and gradient. However, these filter-wise quantification methods exist a natural upper limit, caused by the size of the kernel. Meanwhile, with the popularity of small kernel, the natural limit further decrease. To address this issue, we propose a new cross-filter compression method that can provide $\sim32\times$ …
Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）
FPGA-based hardware accelerators for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have obtained great attentions due to their higher energy efficiency than GPUs. However, it is challenging for FPGA-based solutions to achieve a higher throughput than GPU counterparts. In this paper, we demonstrate that FPGA acceleration can be a superior solution in terms of both throughput and energy efficiency when a CNN is trained with binary constraints on weights and activations. Specifically, we propose an optimized FPGA accelerator architecture tailored for bitwise convolution and normalization that features mas…
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab（华为诺亚方舟实验室）；Xiamen University（厦门大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；University at Buffalo（布法罗大学）
The rapidly decreasing computation and memory cost has recently driven the success of many applications in the field of deep learning. Practical applications of deep learning in resource-limited hardware, such as embedded devices and smart phones, however, remain challenging. For binary convolutional networks, the reason lies in the degraded representation caused by binarizing full-precision filters. To address this problem, we propose new circulant filters (CiFs) and a circulant binary convolution (CBConv) to enhance the capacity of binarized convolutional features via our circulant back prop…
Customizing Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) for production use has been a challenging task for DL practitioners. This paper intends to expedite the model customization with a model hub that contains the optimized models tiered by their inference latency using Neural Architecture Search (NAS). To achieve this goal, we build a distributed NAS system to search on a novel search space that consists of prominent factors to impact latency and accuracy. Since we target GPU, we name the NAS optimized models as GPUNet, which establishes a new SOTA Pareto frontier in inference latency and accuracy. Wi…
University of Lübeck（吕贝克大学）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）
Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) are currently ubiquitous in medical imaging. While their versatility and high quality results for common image analysis tasks including segmentation, localisation and prediction is astonishing, the large representational power comes at the cost of highly demanding computational effort. This limits their practical applications for image guided interventions and diagnostic (point-of-care) support using mobile devices without graphics processing units (GPU). We propose a new scheme that approximates both trainable weights and neural activations in deep ne…
University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；University of Guelph（圭尔夫大学）
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have gained significant traction in the field of machine learning, particularly due to their high accuracy in visual recognition. Recent works have pushed the performance of GPU implementations of CNNs to significantly improve their classification and training times. With these improvements, many frameworks have become available for implementing CNNs on both CPUs and GPUs, with no support for FPGA implementations. In this work we present a modified version of the popular CNN framework Caffe, with FPGA support. This allows for classification using CNN models…
Depthwise convolutions provide significant performance benefits owing to the reduction in both parameters and mult-adds. However, training depthwise convolution layers with GPUs is slow in current deep learning frameworks because their implementations cannot fully utilize the GPU capacity. To address this problem, in this paper we present an efficient method (called diagonalwise refactorization) for accelerating the training of depthwise convolution layers. Our key idea is to rearrange the weight vectors of a depthwise convolution into a large diagonal weight matrix so as to convert the depthw…
University of Malaga（马拉加大学）；University of Cordoba（科尔多瓦大学）
Deep Learning (DL) applications are gaining momentum in the realm of Artificial Intelligence, particularly after GPUs have demonstrated remarkable skills for accelerating their challenging computational requirements. Within this context, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models constitute a representative example of success on a wide set of complex applications, particularly on datasets where the target can be represented through a hierarchy of local features of increasing semantic complexity. In most of the real scenarios, the roadmap to improve results relies on CNN settings involving brute…
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
In this paper, a copy-move forgery detection method based on Convolutional Kernel Network is proposed. Different from methods based on conventional hand-crafted features, Convolutional Kernel Network is a kind of data-driven local descriptor with the deep convolutional structure. Thanks to the development of deep learning theories and widely available datasets, the data-driven methods can achieve competitive performance on different conditions for its excellent discriminative capability. Besides, our Convolutional Kernel Network is reformulated as a series of matrix computations and convolutio…
Robotic and Technology of Computers Lab（机器人及计算机技术实验室）；School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering（电气、计算机与能源工程学院）；University of Seville（塞维利亚大学）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）
Deep learning has significantly advanced the state of the art in artificial intelligence, gaining wide popularity from both industry and academia. Special interest is around Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), which take inspiration from the hierarchical structure of the visual cortex, to form deep layers of convolutional operations, along with fully connected classifiers. Hardware implementations of these deep CNN architectures are challenged with memory bottlenecks that require many convolution and fully-connected layers demanding large amount of communication for parallel computation. Mult…
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Allen Institute for AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）
We introduce a fast and efficient convolutional neural network, ESPNet, for semantic segmentation of high resolution images under resource constraints. ESPNet is based on a new convolutional module, efficient spatial pyramid (ESP), which is efficient in terms of computation, memory, and power. ESPNet is 22 times faster (on a standard GPU) and 180 times smaller than the state-of-the-art semantic segmentation network PSPNet, while its category-wise accuracy is only 8% less. We evaluated ESPNet on a variety of semantic segmentation datasets including Cityscapes, PASCAL VOC, and a breast biopsy wh…
Uppsala University（乌普萨拉大学）；Antaros Medical（Antaros医疗公司）
Purpose: To perform and evaluate water-fat signal separation of whole-body gradient echo scans using convolutional neural networks. Methods: Whole-body gradient echo scans of 240 subjects, each consisting of 5 bipolar echoes, were used. Reference fat fraction maps were created using a conventional method. Convolutional neural networks, more specifically 2D U-nets, were trained using 5-fold cross-validation with 1 or several echoes as input, using the squared difference between the output and the reference fat fraction maps as the loss function. The outputs of the networks were assessed by the …
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；US Army Research Laboratory（美国陆军研究实验室）
Recent advances in convolutional neural networks have shown promising results in 3D shape completion. But due to GPU memory limitations, these methods can only produce low-resolution outputs. To inpaint 3D models with semantic plausibility and contextual details, we introduce a hybrid framework that combines a 3D Encoder-Decoder Generative Adversarial Network (3D-ED-GAN) and a Long-term Recurrent Convolutional Network (LRCN). The 3D-ED-GAN is a 3D convolutional neural network trained with a generative adversarial paradigm to fill missing 3D data in low-resolution. LRCN adopts a recurrent neura…
In this project we work on creating a model to classify images for the Pascal VOC Challenge 2012. We use convolutional neural networks trained on a single GPU instance provided by Amazon via their cloud service Amazon Web Services (AWS) to classify images in the Pascal VOC 2012 data set. We train multiple convolutional neural network models and finally settle on the best model which produced a validation accuracy of 85.6% and a testing accuracy of 85.24%.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Adobe Research（奥多比研究院）
The ability to train large-scale neural networks has resulted in state-of-the-art performance in many areas of computer vision. These results have largely come from computational break throughs of two forms: model parallelism, e.g. GPU accelerated training, which has seen quick adoption in computer vision circles, and data parallelism, e.g. A-SGD, whose large scale has been used mostly in industry. We report early experiments with a system that makes use of both model parallelism and data parallelism, we call GPU A-SGD. We show using GPU A-SGD it is possible to speed up training of large convo…
University of Augsburg（奥格斯堡大学）；University Hospital Augsburg（奥格斯堡大学医院）
Neural networks represent a field of research that can quickly achieve very good results in the field of medical image segmentation using a GPU. A possible way to achieve good results without GPUs are random forests. For this purpose, two random forest approaches were compared with a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network. To make the comparison the PhC-C2DH-U373 and the retinal imaging datasets were used. The evaluation showed that the deep convolutional neutral network achieved the best results. However, one of the random forest approaches also achieved a similar high performance…
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences（库朗数学科学研究所）；New York University（纽约大学）
Convolutional networks are one of the most widely employed architectures in computer vision and machine learning. In order to leverage their ability to learn complex functions, large amounts of data are required for training. Training a large convolutional network to produce state-of-the-art results can take weeks, even when using modern GPUs. Producing labels using a trained network can also be costly when dealing with web-scale datasets. In this work, we present a simple algorithm which accelerates training and inference by a significant factor, and can yield improvements of over an order of…
Center for Cognitive Skill Enhancement（认知技能提升中心）；Independent University Bangladesh（孟加拉国独立大学）
Semantic Segmentation using deep convolutional neural network pose more complex challenge for any GPU intensive task. As it has to compute million of parameters, it results to huge memory consumption. Moreover, extracting finer features and conducting supervised training tends to increase the complexity. With the introduction of Fully Convolutional Neural Network, which uses finer strides and utilizes deconvolutional layers for upsampling, it has been a go to for any image segmentation task. In this paper, we propose two segmentation architecture which not only needs one-third the parameters t…
PyDoseRT Proton: A GPU Pencil-Beam Engine with a Convolutional Residual-Correction Network for Fast Proton Dose Calculation
Medical University of Vienna（维也纳医科大学）；Christian Doppler Laboratory for Image and Knowledge Driven Precision Radiation Oncology（克里斯蒂安·多普勒图像与知识驱动精准放射肿瘤学实验室）；Umeå University（于默奥大学）
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab（华为诺亚方舟实验室）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；University of Macau（澳门大学）
Deploying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on mobile devices is difficult due to the limited memory and computation resources. We aim to design efficient neural networks for heterogeneous devices including CPU and GPU, by exploiting the redundancy in feature maps, which has rarely been investigated in neural architecture design. For CPU-like devices, we propose a novel CPU-efficient Ghost (C-Ghost) module to generate more feature maps from cheap operations. Based on a set of intrinsic feature maps, we apply a series of linear transformations with cheap cost to generate many ghost feature m…
École de technologie supérieure ÉTS（高等技术学院）；Université de Nantes（南特大学）；Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院布莱根妇女医院）；Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa（里斯本大学高等技术学院）；National Research Council（国家研究委员会）
This work details a highly efficient implementation of the 3D scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm, for the purpose of machine learning from large sets of volumetric medical image data. The primary operations of the 3D SIFT code are implemented on a graphics processing unit (GPU), including convolution, sub-sampling, and 4D peak detection from scale-space pyramids. The performance improvements are quantified in keypoint detection and image-to-image matching experiments, using 3D MRI human brain volumes of different people. Computationally efficient 3D keypoint descriptors are pro…
The problem of faces detection in images or video streams is a classical problem of computer vision. The multiple solutions of this problem have been proposed, but the question of their optimality is still open. Many algorithms achieve a high quality face detection, but at the cost of high computational complexity. This restricts their application in the real-time systems. This paper presents a new solution of the frontal face detection problem based on compact convolutional neural networks cascade. The test results on FDDB dataset show that it is competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms. …
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made impressive progress in many video recognition tasks such as video pose estimation and video object detection. However, CNN inference on video is computationally expensive due to processing dense frames individually. In this work, we propose a framework called Recurrent Residual Module (RRM) to accelerate the CNN inference for video recognition tasks. This framework has a novel design of using the similarity of the intermediate feature maps of two consecutive frames, to largely reduce the redundant computation. One unique property of the propo…
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）
Convolutional networks (ConvNets) have become a popular approach to computer vision. It is important to accelerate ConvNet training, which is computationally costly. We propose a novel parallel algorithm based on decomposition into a set of tasks, most of which are convolutions or FFTs. Applying Brent's theorem to the task dependency graph implies that linear speedup with the number of processors is attainable within the PRAM model of parallel computation, for wide network architectures. To attain such performance on real shared-memory machines, our algorithm computes convolutions converging o…
Deep convolutional neural networks have demonstrated promising performance on image classification tasks, but the manual design process becomes more and more complex due to the fast depth growth and the increasingly complex topologies of convolutional neural networks. As a result, neural architecture search has emerged to automatically design convolutional neural networks that outperform handcrafted counterparts. However, the computational cost is immense, e.g. 22,400 GPU-days and 2,000 GPU-days for two outstanding neural architecture search works named NAS and NASNet, respectively, which moti…
Caffe provides multimedia scientists and practitioners with a clean and modifiable framework for state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms and a collection of reference models. The framework is a BSD-licensed C++ library with Python and MATLAB bindings for training and deploying general-purpose convolutional neural networks and other deep models efficiently on commodity architectures. Caffe fits industry and internet-scale media needs by CUDA GPU computation, processing over 40 million images a day on a single K40 or Titan GPU ($\approx$ 2.5 ms per image). By separating model representation fr…
École Nationale Supérieure d’Informatique（国立高等信息学院）；Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France（上法兰西理工大学）
Running Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based applications on edge devices near the source of data can meet the latency and privacy challenges. However due to their reduced computing resources and their energy constraints, these edge devices can hardly satisfy CNN needs in processing and data storage. For these platforms, choosing the CNN with the best trade-off between accuracy and execution time while respecting Hardware constraints is crucial. In this paper, we present and compare five (5) of the widely used Machine Learning based methods for execution time prediction of CNNs on two (2) …
Intensive computation is entering data centers with multiple workloads of deep learning. To balance the compute efficiency, performance, and total cost of ownership (TCO), the use of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) with reconfigurable logic provides an acceptable acceleration capacity and is compatible with diverse computation-sensitive tasks in the cloud. In this paper, we develop an FPGA acceleration platform that leverages a unified framework architecture for general-purpose convolutional neural network (CNN) inference acceleration at a data center. To overcome the computation bound,…
A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland（东芬兰大学A.I.维尔塔宁分子科学研究所）；Charles River Discovery Services（查尔斯河发现服务公司）
We present MedicDeepLabv3+, a convolutional neural network that is the first completely automatic method to segment cerebral hemispheres in magnetic resonance (MR) volumes of rats with lesions. MedicDeepLabv3+ improves the state-of-the-art DeepLabv3+ with an advanced decoder, incorporating spatial attention layers and additional skip connections that, as we show in our experiments, lead to more precise segmentations. MedicDeepLabv3+ requires no MR image preprocessing, such as bias-field correction or registration to a template, produces segmentations in less than a second, and its GPU memory r…
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Google Research（谷歌研究院）
We present an accurate, real-time approach to robotic grasp detection based on convolutional neural networks. Our network performs single-stage regression to graspable bounding boxes without using standard sliding window or region proposal techniques. The model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by 14 percentage points and runs at 13 frames per second on a GPU. Our network can simultaneously perform classification so that in a single step it recognizes the object and finds a good grasp rectangle. A modification to this model predicts multiple grasps per object by using a locally constrain…
MatConvNet is an implementation of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for MATLAB. The toolbox is designed with an emphasis on simplicity and flexibility. It exposes the building blocks of CNNs as easy-to-use MATLAB functions, providing routines for computing linear convolutions with filter banks, feature pooling, and many more. In this manner, MatConvNet allows fast prototyping of new CNN architectures; at the same time, it supports efficient computation on CPU and GPU allowing to train complex models on large datasets such as ImageNet ILSVRC. This document provides an overview of CNNs and h…
The convolutional layers are core building blocks of neural network architectures. In general, a convolutional filter applies to the entire frequency spectrum of the input data. We explore artificially constraining the frequency spectra of these filters and data, called band-limiting, during training. The frequency domain constraints apply to both the feed-forward and back-propagation steps. Experimentally, we observe that Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are resilient to this compression scheme and results suggest that CNNs learn to leverage lower-frequency components. In particular, we f…
This paper describes a novel deep learning-based method for mitigating the effects of atmospheric distortion. We have built an end-to-end supervised convolutional neural network (CNN) to reconstruct turbulence-corrupted video sequence. Our framework has been developed on the residual learning concept, where the spatio-temporal distortions are learnt and predicted. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can deblur, remove ripple effect and enhance contrast of the video sequences simultaneously. Our model was trained and tested with both simulated and real distortions. Experimental…
