微波控制里德伯作用下原子气体光学图样的结构相变
Structural Phase Transitions of Optical Patterns in Atomic Gases with Microwave Controlled Rydberg Interactions
摘要：
非线性系统中的自发对称性破缺和自组织结构的形成是自然界中非常重要的现象。推进这种研究，以新的非线性光学制度是非常感兴趣的基础物理和实际应用。本文提出了一种利用电磁感应透明在冷里德伯原子气体中实现光学斑图形成的方案。我们发现，通过耦合两个里德堡态与微波场（微波敷料），非局域克尔非线性的里德堡气体可以显着增强，并可能被积极调整。基于这种非局域Kerr非线性，我们证明了探测光场的平面波态可以发生调制不稳定性（MI），从而发生自发对称性破缺，导致各种自组织光学图样的出现.特别地，我们发现，一个六边形的晶格图案（这是唯一的光学图案时，微波敷料是不存在的）可以发展成几种类型的正方形晶格的应用时，微波敷料;此外，作为MI的结果，非局域光孤子的形成也是可能的系统。与以往研究不同的是，通过调节有效探测场强度、克尔非线性的非局域度以及微波场的强度，可以灵活地控制所得到的光学模式和非局域光孤子.我们的工作为激光自组织和结构相变的多功能控制开辟了一条途径，这在光信息处理和传输方面可能有潜在的应用。
英文摘要：
Spontaneous symmetry breaking and formation of self-organized structures in nonlinear systems are intriguing and important phenomena in nature. Advancing such research to new nonlinear optical regimes is of much interest for both fundamental physics and practical applications. Here we propose a scheme to realize optical pattern formation in a cold Rydberg atomic gas via electromagnetically induced transparency. We show that, by coupling two Rydberg states with a microwave field (microwave dressing), the nonlocal Kerr nonlinearity of the Rydberg gas can be enhanced significantly and may be tuned actively. Based on such nonlocal Kerr nonlinearity, we demonstrate that a plane-wave state of probe laser field can undergo a modulation instability (MI) and hence spontaneous symmetry breaking, which may result in the emergence of various self-organized optical patterns. Especially, we find that a hexagonal lattice pattern (which is the only optical pattern when the microwave dressing is absent) may develop into several types of square lattice ones when the microwave dressing is applied; moreover, as a outcome of the MI the formation of nonlocal optical solitons is also possible in the system. Different from earlier studies, the optical patterns and nonlocal optical solitons found here can be flexibly manipulated by adjusting the effective probe-field intensity, nonlocality degree of the Kerr nonlinearity, and the strength of the microwave field. Our work opens a route for versatile controls of self-organizations and structural phase transitions of laser light, which may have potential applications in optical information processing and transmission.
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