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arXiv 2007.12198astro-ph.HE
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潮汐破坏事件的能量清单

An Energy Inventory of Tidal Disruption Events

Brenna Mockler, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz

摘要:

潮汐破裂事件(TDEs)提供了一个独特的机会来研究一个单一的超大质量黑洞(SMBH)的喂养条件下,改变了几天或几个月的时间尺度。然而,在耀斑期间产生亮度的主要机制仍然存在争议。尽管观测到的TDE越来越多,但尚不清楚初始耀斑中的大部分能量是来自引力半径附近的吸积,还是来自距离SMBH更远的圆形碎片。能量耗散效率随着半径的减小而增加,因此通过测量发射的总能量并估计效率,我们可以得到关于发射机制的性质的线索。在这里,我们使用瞬态模块化开源拟合器({ \tt MOSFiT})计算TDE的积分能量、发射时间尺度和平均效率。我们对总能量的计算通常比以前的估计值要高。这主要是因为,如果光度遵循质量回落率,则TDE在其光变曲线峰值之后很长时间内释放其能量的显著部分。我们使用{ \tt MOSFiT}来计算从质量到辐射能量的转换效率,并发现对于许多事件,它与活动星系核推断的效率相似。然而,由于效率和被破坏恒星质量之间的模型简并性,在测量的效率中存在较大的系统不确定性,在我们能够明确解决单个TDE的发射机制之前,必须减少这些不确定性。

英文摘要:

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) offer a unique opportunity to study a single super-massive black hole (SMBH) under feeding conditions that change over timescales of days or months. However, the primary mechanism for generating luminosity during the flares remains debated. Despite the increasing number of observed TDEs, it is unclear whether most of the energy in the initial flare comes from accretion near the gravitational radius or from circularizing debris at larger distances from the SMBH. The energy dissipation efficiency increases with decreasing radii, therefore by measuring the total energy emitted and estimating the efficiency we can derive clues about the nature of the emission mechanism. Here we calculate the integrated energy, emission timescales, and average efficiencies for the TDEs using the Modular Open Source Fitter for Transients ({\tt MOSFiT}). Our calculations of the total energy generally yield higher values than previous estimates. This is predominantly because, if the luminosity follows the mass fallback rate, TDEs release a significant fraction of their energy long after their light curve peaks. We use {\tt MOSFiT} to calculate the conversion efficiency from mass to radiated energy, and find that for many of the events it is similar to efficiencies inferred for active galactic nuclei. There are, however, large systematic uncertainties in the measured efficiency due to model degeneracies between the efficiency and the mass of the disrupted star, and these must be reduced before we can definitively resolve the emission mechanism of individual TDEs.

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