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arXiv 2005.12528astro-ph.HE
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超大质量黑洞对恒星潮汐的破坏过程。第一次近心点通道

The Process of Stellar Tidal Disruption by Supermassive Black Holes. The first pericenter passage

Elena M. Rossi, Nicholas C. Stone, Jamie A. P. Law-Smith, Morgan MacLeod, Giuseppe Lodato, Jane L. Dai, Ilya Mandel

摘要:

潮汐破裂事件(TDE)是光学,紫外和X射线天空中最明亮的瞬变事件之一。当一颗恒星被一个巨大的黑洞的潮汐场撕裂时,这些耀斑就开始运动,引发了一系列事件,到目前为止,人们还不完全了解。然而,中断过程已经被广泛研究了近半个世纪,与TDE的后期阶段不同,我们对中断本身的理解相当一致。在这一章中,我们回顾了恒星潮汐破裂的解析和数值模型。从相对简单的,数量级的物理学,我们审查日益复杂的模型,半解析的“仿射形式主义”,流体动力学模拟多变恒星的破坏,以及最近的流体动力学结果有关的破坏现实的恒星模型。我们的审查调查的直接后果中断在两个典型的和更不寻常的TDEs,探索如何的命运潮汐碎片的变化,如果考虑非主序星,深穿透潮汐相遇,双星系统,和次抛物线轨道。恒星潮汐破裂过程提供了模拟静止的大质量黑洞周围吸积流形成所需的初始条件,在某些情况下也可能导致直接可观察到的发射,例如通过冲击爆发,引力波或失控的核聚变在深深陷入的TDE。

英文摘要:

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) are among the brightest transients in the optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray sky. These flares are set into motion when a star is torn apart by the tidal field of a massive black hole, triggering a chain of events which is -- so far -- incompletely understood. However, the disruption process has been studied extensively for almost half a century, and unlike the later stages of a TDE, our understanding of the disruption itself is reasonably well converged. In this Chapter, we review both analytical and numerical models for stellar tidal disruption. Starting with relatively simple, order-of-magnitude physics, we review models of increasing sophistication, the semi-analytic ``affine formalism,'' hydrodynamic simulations of the disruption of polytropic stars, and the most recent hydrodynamic results concerning the disruption of realistic stellar models. Our review surveys the immediate aftermath of disruption in both typical and more unusual TDEs, exploring how the fate of the tidal debris changes if one considers non-main sequence stars, deeply penetrating tidal encounters, binary star systems, and sub-parabolic orbits. The stellar tidal disruption process provides the initial conditions needed to model the formation of accretion flows around quiescent massive black holes, and in some cases may also lead to directly observable emission, for example via shock breakout, gravitational waves or runaway nuclear fusion in deeply plunging TDEs.

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