The Grothendieck property has become important in research on the definability of pathological Banach spaces [CI], [HT], and especially [HT20]. We here answer a question of Arhangel'ski\uı by proving it undecidable whether countably tight spaces with Lindelöf finite powers are Grothendieck. We answer another of his questions by proving that $\mathrm{PFA}$ implies Lindelöf countably tight spaces are Grothendieck. We also prove that various other consequences of $\mathrm{MA}_{ω_1}$ and $\mathrm{PFA}$ considered by Arhangel'ski\uı, Okunev, and Reznichenko are not theorems of $\mathrm{ZFC}$.
We consider 9 natural tightness conditions for topological spaces that are all variations on countable tightness and investigate the interrelationships between them. Several natural open problems are raised.
The proof of Theorem 11 of the paper M. Scheepers, Remarks on countable tightness, Topology and its Applications 161 (2014), 407 - 432 relies on Lemma 10 of that paper. The offered proof of Lemma 10 had shortcomings, and I was recently asked for details. This note gives an alternative, complete proof of Lemma 10.
By adapting techniques of Arhangel'skii, Barman, and Dow, we may equate the existence of perfect-information, Markov, and tactical strategies between two interesting selection games. These results shed some light on Gruenhage's question asking whether all strategically selectively separable spaces are Markov selectively separable.
Countable tightness may be destroyed by countably closed forcing. We characterize the indestructibility of countable tightness under countably closed forcing by combinatorial statements similar to the ones Tall used to characterize indestructibility of the Lindelof property under countably closed forcing. We consider the behavior of countable tightness in generic extensions obtained by adding Cohen reals. We show that certain classes of well-studied topological spaces are indestructibly countably tight. Stronger versions of countable tightness, including selective versions of separability, are…
Given a Tychonoff space $X$, let $F(X)$ and $A(X)$ be respectively the free topological group and the free Abelian topological group over $X$ in the sense of Markov. In this paper, we consider two topological properties of $F(X)$ or $A(X)$, namely the countable tightness and $\mathfrak G$-base. We provide some characterizations of the countable tightness and $\mathfrak G$-base of $F(X)$ and $A(X)$ for various special classes of spaces $X$. Furthermore, we also study the countable tightness and $\mathfrak G$-base of some $F_{n}(X)$ of $F(X)$.
The free topological vector space $V(X)$ over a Tychonoff space $X$ is a pair consisting of a topological vector space $V(X)$ and a continuous map $i=i_{X}: X\rightarrow V(X)$ such that every continuous mapping $f$ from $X$ to a topological vector space $E$ gives rise to a unique continuous linear operator $\overline{f}: V(X)\rightarrow E$ with $f=\overline{f}\circ i$. In this paper the $k$-property and countable tightness of free topological vector space over some generalized metric spaces are studied. The characterization of a space $X$ is given such that the free topological vector space $V…
Michael asked whether every productively Lindelöf space is powerfully Lindelöf. Building of work of Alster and De la Vega, assuming the Continuum Hypothesis, we show that every productively Lindelöf space of countable tightness is powerfully Lindelöf. This strengthens a result of Tall and Tsaban. The same methods also yield new proofs of results of Arkhangel'skii and Buzyakova. Furthermore, assuming the Continuum Hypothesis, we show that a productively Lindelöf space $X$ is powerfully Lindelöf if every open cover of $X^ω$ admits a point-continuum refinement consisting of basic open sets. This …
An abstract scheme using particular types of relations on filters leads to general unifying results on stability under supremum and product of local topological properties. We present applications for Frechetness, strong Frechetness, countable tightness and countable fan-tightness, some of which recover or refine classical results, some of which are new. The reader may find other applications as well.
In this survey, my aim has been to discuss the use of sequences and countable sets in general topology. In this way I have been led to consider five different classes of topological spaces: first countable spaces, sequential spaces, Frechet spaces, spaces of countable tightness and perfect spaces. We are going to look at how these classes are related, and how well the various properties behave under certain operations, such as taking subspaces, products, and images under proper mappings. Where they are not well behaved we take the opportunity to consider some relevant examples, which are often…
We show that the Continuum Hypothesis is consistent with all regular spaces of hereditarily countable $π$-character being C-closed. This gives us a model of ZFC in which the Continuum Hypothesis holds and compact Hausdorff spaces of countable tightness are sequential.
For a topological space $X$ and a point $x \in X$, consider the following game -- related to the property of $X$ being countably tight at $x$. In each inning $n\inω$, the first player chooses a set $A_n$ that clusters at $x$, and then the second player picks a point $a_n\in A_n$; the second player is the winner if and only if $x\in\overline{\{a_n:n\inω\}}$. In this work, we study variations of this game in which the second player is allowed to choose finitely many points per inning rather than one, but in which the number of points they are allowed to choose in each inning has been fixed in ad…
A space $X$ is Eberlein-Grothendieck if $X\subset C_p(K)$ for some compact space $K.$ In this paper we address the problem of whether such a space $X$ is $σ$-discrete whenever it is scattered. We show that if $w(K)\leqω_1$ then $X$ is $σ$-dicrete whenever $X$ has height $ω_1$ and it is locally compact or locally countable. It is also proved that every Lindelöf Čech-complete scattered space is $σ$-compact.
For a topological space $X$, let $CL(X)$ be the set of all non-empty closed subset of $X$, and denote the set $CL(X)$ with the Vietoris topology by $(CL(X), \mathbb{V})$. In this paper, we mainly discuss the hyperspace $(CL(X), \mathbb{V})$ when $X$ is an infinite countable discrete space. As an application, we first prove that the hyperspace with the Vietoris topology on an infinite countable discrete space contains a closed copy of $n$-th power of Sorgenfrey line for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Then we investigate the tightness of the hyperspace $(CL(X), \mathbb{V})$, and prove that the tightness…
Motivated by results of Juhász and van Mill in [13], we define the cardinal invariant $wt(X)$, the weak tightness of a topological space $X$, and show that $|X|\leq 2^{L(X)wt(X)ψ(X)}$ for any Hausdorff space $X$ (Theorem 2.8). As $wt(X)\leq t(X)$ for any space $X$, this generalizes the well-known cardinal inequality $|X|\leq 2^{L(X)t(X)ψ(X)}$ for Hausdorff spaces (Arhangel{\cprime}skiĭ~[1],Š}apirovskiĭ}~[18]) in a new direction. Theorem 2.8 is generalized further using covers by $G_κ$-sets, where $κ$ is a cardinal, to show that if $X$ is a power homogeneous compactum with a countable cover of …
The weak tightness $wt(X)$ of a space $X$ was introduced in [11] with the property $wt(X)\leq t(X)$. We investigate several well-known results concerning $t(X)$ and consider whether they extend to the weak tightness setting. First we give an example of a non-sequential compactum $X$ such that $wt(X)=\aleph_0<t(X)$ under $2^{\aleph_0}=2^{\aleph_1}$. In particular, this demonstrates the celebrated Balogh's Theorem [5] does not hold in general if countably tight is replaced with weakly countably tight. Second, we introduce the notion of an S-free sequence and show that if $X$ is a homogeneous com…
Assuming that there is a stationary set in $ω_{2}$ of ordinals of countable cofinality that does not reflect, we prove that there exists a compact space which is not Corson compact and whose all continuous images of weight at most $ω_1$ are Eberlein compacta. This yields an example of a Banach space of density $ω_{2}$ which is not weakly compactly generated but all its subspaces of density $ω_{1}$ are weakly compactly generated. We also prove that under Martin's axiom countable functional tightness does not reflect in small continuous images of compacta.
Being motivated by the study of the space $C_c(X)$ of all continuous real-valued functions on a Tychonoff space $X$ with the compact-open topology, we introduced in [15] the concepts of a $cp$-network and a $cn$-network (at a point $x$) in $X$. In the present paper we describe the topology of $X$ admitting a countable $cp$- or $cn$-network at a point $x\in X$. This description applies to provide new results about the strong Pytkeev property, already well recognized and applicable concept originally introduced by Tsaban and Zdomskyy [43]. We show that a Baire topological group $G$ is metrizable…
We prove that for any topological space $X$ of countable tightness, each σ-convex subspace $\F$ of the space $SC_p(X)$ of scatteredly continuous real-valued functions on $X$ has network weight $nw(\F)\le nw(X)$. This implies that for a metrizable separable space $X$, each compact convex subset in the function space $SC_p(X)$ is metrizable. Another corollary says that two Tychonoff spaces $X,Y$ with countable tightness and topologically isomorphic linear topological spaces $SC_p(X)$ and $SC_p(Y)$ have the same network weight $nw(X)=nw(Y)$. Also we prove that each zero-dimensional separable Rose…
Given a property $P$ of subspaces of a $T_1$ space $X$, we say that $X$ is {\em $P$-bounded} iff every subspace of $X$ with property $P$ has compact closure in $X$. Here we study $P$-bounded spaces for the properties $P \in \{ωD, ωN, C_2 \}$ where $ωD \, \equiv$ "countable discrete", $ωN \, \equiv$ "countable nowhere dense", and $C_2 \,\equiv$ "second countable". Clearly, for each of these $P$-bounded is between countably compact and $ω$-bounded. We give examples in ZFC that separate all these boundedness properties and their appropriate combinations. Consistent separating examples with better…
A regular topological space $X$ is defined to be a $\mathfrak P_0$-space if it has countable Pytkeev network. A network $\mathcal N$ for $X$ is called a Pytkeev network if for any point $x\in X$, neighborhood $O_x\subset X$ of $x$ and subset $A\subset X$ accumulating at a $x$ there is a set $N\in\mathcal N$ such that $N\subset O_x$ and $N\cap A$ is infinite. The class of $\mathfrak P_0$-spaces contains all metrizable separable spaces and is (properly) contained in the Michael's class of $\aleph_0$-spaces. It is closed under many topological operations: taking subspaces, countable Tychonoff pro…
We show that even for subsets X of the real line which do not contain perfect sets, the Hurewicz property does not imply the property S1(Gamma,Gamma), asserting that for each countable family of open gamma-covers of X, there is a choice function whose image is a gamma-cover of X. This settles a problem of Just, Miller, Scheepers, and Szeptycki. Our main result also answers a question of Bartoszynski and Tsaban, and implies that for C_p(X), the conjunction of Sakai's strong countable fan tightness and the Reznichenko property does not imply Arhangelskii's property alpha_2.
Let $Y$ be a metrizable space containing at least two points, and let $X$ be a $Y_{\mathcal{I}}$-Tychonoff space for some ideal $\mathcal{I}$ of compact sets of $X$. Denote by $C_{\mathcal{I}}(X,Y)$ the space of continuous functions from $X$ to $Y$ endowed with the $\mathcal{I}$-open topology. We prove that $C_{\mathcal{I}}(X,Y)$ is Fréchet - Urysohn iff $X$ has the property $γ_{\mathcal{I}}$. We characterize zero - dimensional Tychonoff spaces $X$ for which the space $C_{\mathcal{I}}(X,{\bf 2})$ is sequential. Extending the classical theorems of Gerlits, Nagy and Pytkeev we show that if $Y$ i…
The concept of the strong Pytkeev property, recently introduced by Tsaban and Zdomskyy in [32], was successfully applied to the study of the space $C_c(X)$ of all continuous real-valued functions with the compact-open topology on some classes of topological spaces $X$ including Čech-complete Lindelöf spaces. Being motivated also by several results providing various concepts of networks we introduce the class of $\mathfrak{P}$-spaces strictly included in the class of $\aleph$-spaces. This class of generalized metric spaces is closed under taking subspaces, topological sums and countable product…
In our paper [18] we showed that a Tychonoff space $X$ is a $Δ$-space (in the sense of [20], [30]) if and only if the locally convex space $C_{p}(X)$ is distinguished. Continuing this research, we investigate whether the class $Δ$ of $Δ$-spaces is invariant under the basic topological operations. We prove that if $X \in Δ$ and $φ:X \to Y$ is a continuous surjection such that $φ(F)$ is an $F_σ$-set in $Y$ for every closed set $F \subset X$, then also $Y\in Δ$. As a consequence, if $X$ is a countable union of closed subspaces $X_i$ such that each $X_i\in Δ$, then also $X\in Δ$. In particular, $σ…
