18 pages (excluding references), 2 figures. Submitted for publication to a Royal Society collection of review articles. Comments, suggestions and clarifications welcome
Star and planet formation are inextricably linked. In the earliest phases of the collapse of a protostar a disc forms around the young star and such discs are observed for the first several million years of a star's life. It is within these circumstellar, or protoplanetary, discs that the first stages of planet formation occur. Recent observations from ALMA suggest that planet formation may already be well under way after only 1 Myr of a star's life. However, stars do not form in isolation; they form from the collapse and fragmentation of giant molecular clouds several parsecs in size. This results in young stars forming in groups - often referred to as 'clusters'. In these star-forming regions the stellar density is much higher than the location of the Sun, and other stars in the Galactic disc that host exoplanets. As such, the environment where stars form has the potential to influence the planet formation process. In star-forming regions, protoplanetary discs can be truncated or destroyed by interactions with passing stars, as well as photoevaporation from the radiation fields of very massive stars. Once formed, the planets themselves can have their orbits altered by dynamical encounters - either directly from passing stars or through secondary effects such as the Kozai-Lidov mechanism. In this contribution, I review the different processes that can affect planet formation and stability in star-forming regions. I discuss each process in light of the typical range of stellar densities observed for star-forming regions. I finish by discussing these effects in the context of theories for the birth environment of the Solar System.
Dust traps as planetary birthsites: basics and vortex formation
我们提出了一个简单的模型,低质量的行星形成和随后的演变“过渡”盘。我们定量地证明,预测和观察到的结构,这样的光盘是主要的诞生地的行星。行星形成很可能是通过卵石吸积进行的,如果行星胚胎($M\gtrsim 10^{-4}\,$ M $_\oplus$)形成。有效的卵石吸积可能是不可避免的过渡盘尘埃陷阱,卵石吸积所需的尘埃颗粒的大小是那些最有效地捕获在过渡盘尘埃陷阱。尘埃阱中快速的卵石吸积不仅产生了低质量的行星,而且产生了大的吸积光度。这种吸积光度足以在行星的引力影响之外加热圆盘,并使圆盘局部斜压,并成为涡度的来源。利用数值模拟,我们表明,这种涡源可以导致一个单一的大尺度涡的增长在$\sim 100$轨道,这是能够捕获粒子。最后,我们提出了一个演化周期:行星形成通过卵石吸积进行,然后是涡旋形成和粒子捕获在涡旋淬火行星吸积,从而消除涡源。漩涡被破坏后,这个过程可以重新开始。这意味着过渡盘在其生命周期的很大一部分时间内应该会出现大规模的漩涡,并且大的~10AU分离的残留行星应该是这个周期的常见结果。
Encounters involving planetary systems in birth environments: the significant role of binaries
大多数恒星形成于一个集群环境中。单星和双星有时会在如此拥挤的环境中遇到行星系。遇到率的二进制可能会大于单星,即使是低至10- 20%.In这项工作中,我们调查之间的散射太阳-木星对和两个二进制和单星在年轻的集群。我们首先进行了一组模拟的遭遇,涉及广泛的双星和单星,发现更广泛的双星有更大的截面的行星弹射。其次,我们考虑这样的散射在一个现实的人口,绘制参数的双星和单星从观察到的人口。散射的结果是多种多样的,包括弹射,捕获/交换和碰撞。双星系统比单颗恒星更有效地导致行星的喷射和碰撞。因此,在一个集群中,只要二进制分数大于约10%,二进制将主导这两个结果的散射。对于恒星密度为50 pc $^{-3}$,寿命为1亿年,双星分数为0.5的疏散星团,我们估计大约有1%的彗星被抛出,0.1%与恒星相撞,0.1%改变所有权,10%的太阳-木星对在散射过程中获得恒星伴星。这些伴星通常相距1000个天文单位,在一半的情况下(占所有太阳-木星对的5%),它们可以通过Kozai-Lidov机制激发行星的轨道,然后被后来的遭遇剥离。我们的结果表明,太阳系可能曾经在其诞生星团中有过一个伴星。
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile(智利天主教 Pontificia 大学);Universidad de Alcalá(阿尔卡拉大学);Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) CSIC-INTA(天体生物学中心(CAB)西班牙高等科学研究理事会-国家航空航天技术研究所);Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences(波兰科学院尼古拉·哥白尼天文台)
Effect of Different Stellar Galactic Environments on Planetary Discs I: The Solar Neighbourhood and the Birth Cloud of the Sun
我们计算了轨道,距离和时间的最接近太阳的恒星在太阳附近的已知位置,径向速度和自行。为此,我们使用了一个完整的银河系势能模型,它再现了银河系的局部z力、奥尔特常数、局部逃逸速度和旋转曲线。从我们的样本中,我们构造了初始条件,在观测的不确定性,与蒙特卡罗计划的12个最可疑的候选人,因为他们的小切向运动。我们发现,恒星Gliese 710将有最接近太阳的方法,在未来1.36百万年的距离约为0.34 pc。我们表明,一个代表太阳系的100 AU的测试粒子盘上的格利泽710的特性的飞越的影响是可以忽略不计的。然而,由于缺乏太阳附近大部分恒星的6D数据,可能存在更接近的方法。我们计算的参数,通过恒星,将导致明显的影响,太阳盘。关于太阳的诞生云,我们进行了实验,以大致再现观测到的轨道参数,如柯伊伯带的偏心率和倾角。现在我们知道,在银河系的环境中,例如恒星形成区,新生恒星的恒星密度足够高,可以在200天文单位内产生近距离相遇。此外,在这些银河系环境中,速度色散相对较低,通常约为1-3 km s-1。我们发现,在这些区域的典型情况下,速度色散约为1 km s-1,接近距离约为150 AU,我们近似地获得了当前太阳系中所见的偏心率和倾角。简单的分析计算恒星相遇对奥尔特云的影响。
Probing the origins. III. Exoplanet demographics across Galactic birth radii
Universidad de Alcalá(阿尔卡拉大学);Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile(智利天主教 Pontificia 大学);Instituto de Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile(智利天主教 Pontificia 大学天体物理研究所);Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) CSIC-INTA(CSIC-INTA 天体生物学中心);European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)(欧洲空间局(ESA)欧洲空间天文中心);Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences(波兰科学院尼古拉·哥白尼天文中心)
Exploring the Sun's birth radius and the distribution of planet building blocks in the Milky Way galaxy: A multi-zone Galactic chemical evolution approach
Host--Non-host Differences in Stellar Chemistry, Activity, and Birth Radius: Hints of Distinct Formation Environments for Earth-like Planets and Sub-Neptunes
School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University(杭州电子科技大学理学院);National Astronomical Data Center Zhijiang Branch(国家天文台数据科学中心(紫金山));CAS Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院国家天文台光学天文重点实验室);Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University(俄亥俄州立大学天文学系);Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (CCAPP), The Ohio State University(俄亥俄州立大学宇宙学与高能物理中心);Department of Physics, Xiangtan University(湘潭大学物理系);School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University(北京师范大学物理与天文学院)
Insights into the Exoplanet Radius Valley from Host-Star Ages, Activity, Chemistry, and Birth Radius
School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University(杭州电子科技大学理学院);National Astronomical Data Center Zhijiang Branch(国家天文台紫江分中心);CAS Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院国家天文台光学天文重点实验室);Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University(俄亥俄州立大学天文学系);Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (CCAPP), The Ohio State University(俄亥俄州立大学宇宙学与高能粒子物理中心);School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University(北京师范大学物理与天文学院);School of Science, Xichang University(西昌学院理学院)
Chemical signatures of planetary systems in their host stars. Near-infrared spectroscopy of four planet-hosting wide binaries
Yonsei University(延世大学);Chungnam National University(忠南国立大学);Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut(海德堡大学天文计算研究所);Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute(韩国天体宇宙科学研究所)
The Birth of Minor-Body Populations in the $β$ Pictoris System I: The First 25 Myr
Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)(拉古纳大学);Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA(天体生物学中心(CAB),CSIC-INTA);Universidad Complutense de Madrid(马德里康普顿斯大学);Lund University(隆德大学)
The CO-Fuelled Time Machine: Tracing Birth Conditions and Terrestrial Planet Formation Outcomes in HD 163296 through Pebble Drift-induced CO Enhancements