arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2007.07890astro-ph.EPastro-ph.GAastro-ph.SRphysics.geo-ph
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行星系的诞生环境

The birth environment of planetary systems

Richard J. Parker

摘要:

恒星和行星形成是密不可分的。在原恒星坍缩的最早阶段,一个圆盘在年轻的恒星周围形成,这样的圆盘在恒星生命的最初几百万年中被观察到。正是在这些拱星盘或原行星盘中,发生了行星形成的第一阶段。ALMA最近的观测表明,一颗恒星的生命仅仅经历了100万年,行星形成就已经开始了。然而,恒星并不是孤立地形成的,它们是由几个秒差距大小的巨大分子云的坍缩和碎裂形成的。这导致年轻恒星形成群体-通常被称为“集群”。在这些恒星形成区域,恒星密度远高于太阳和银河系盘中其他恒星的位置。因此,恒星形成的环境有可能影响行星形成的过程。在恒星形成区,原行星盘可能会因与经过的恒星相互作用而被截断或破坏,以及来自超大质量恒星辐射场的光蒸发。一旦形成,行星本身的轨道可以通过动力学相遇而改变-直接来自经过的恒星或通过次级效应,如Kozai-Lidov机制。在这篇文章中,我回顾了不同的过程,可以影响行星形成和稳定的恒星形成区。我讨论每个过程中观察到的恒星形成区域的恒星密度的典型范围。最后,我将在太阳系诞生环境理论的背景下讨论这些影响。

英文摘要:

Star and planet formation are inextricably linked. In the earliest phases of the collapse of a protostar a disc forms around the young star and such discs are observed for the first several million years of a star's life. It is within these circumstellar, or protoplanetary, discs that the first stages of planet formation occur. Recent observations from ALMA suggest that planet formation may already be well under way after only 1 Myr of a star's life. However, stars do not form in isolation; they form from the collapse and fragmentation of giant molecular clouds several parsecs in size. This results in young stars forming in groups - often referred to as 'clusters'. In these star-forming regions the stellar density is much higher than the location of the Sun, and other stars in the Galactic disc that host exoplanets. As such, the environment where stars form has the potential to influence the planet formation process. In star-forming regions, protoplanetary discs can be truncated or destroyed by interactions with passing stars, as well as photoevaporation from the radiation fields of very massive stars. Once formed, the planets themselves can have their orbits altered by dynamical encounters - either directly from passing stars or through secondary effects such as the Kozai-Lidov mechanism. In this contribution, I review the different processes that can affect planet formation and stability in star-forming regions. I discuss each process in light of the typical range of stellar densities observed for star-forming regions. I finish by discussing these effects in the context of theories for the birth environment of the Solar System.

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