Named Data Networking (NDN) architectural features, including multicast data delivery, stateful forwarding, and in-network data caching, have shown promise for applications such as video streaming and file sharing. However, collaborative applications, requiring a multi-producer participation introduce new NDN design challenges. In this paper, we highlight these challenges in the context of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) and one of its most widely-used deployments for NTP server discovery, the NTP pool project. We discuss the design requirements for the support of NTP and NTP pool and present general directions for the design of a time synchronization protocol over NDN, coined Named Data Networking Time Protocol (NDNTP).
In this paper we apply the Named Data Networking, a newly proposed Internet architecture, to networking vehicles on the run. Our initial design, dubbed V-NDN, illustrates NDN's promising potential in providing a unifying architecture that enables networking among all computing devices independent from whether they are connected through wired infrastructure, ad hoc, or intermittent DTN. This paper describes the prototype implementation of V-NDN and its preliminary performance assessment.
Revolutionizing Networking Paradigms: A Comprehensive Exploration of Information-Centric Networking (ICN), Content-Centric Networking(CCNx) and Named Data Networking (NDN)
Information-centric networking (ICN) proposes to redesign the Internet by replacing its host centric design with an information centric one, by establishing communication at the naming level, with the receiver side acting as the driving force behind content delivery. Such design promises great advantages for the delivery of content to and from mobile hosts. This, however, is at the expense of increased networking overhead, specifically in the case of Named-data Networking (NDN) due to use of flooding for path recovery. In this paper, we propose a mobility centric solution to address the overhe…
Over the past three decades, since its invention, the Internet has evolved in both its sheer volume and usage. The Internet's core protocol, Internet Protocol (IP), has proven its usability and effectiveness to support a communication network. However, current Internet usage requires more than a communication network due to a shift in the nature of Internet applications from simple email application to large content producers such as NetFlix, Google, Amazon, etc. Named Data Networking (NDN) is one of the few initiatives/projects addressing the shortcomings of the current Internet architecture …
This paper proposes Navigo, a location based packet forwarding mechanism for vehicular Named Data Networking (NDN). Navigo takes a radically new approach to address the challenges of frequent connectivity disruptions and sudden network changes in a vehicle network. Instead of forwarding packets to a specific moving car, Navigo aims to fetch specific pieces of data from multiple potential carriers of the data. The design provides (1) a mechanism to bind NDN data names to the producers' geographic area(s); (2) an algorithm to guide Interests towards data producers using a specialized shortest pa…
Content-centric networking -- also known as information-centric networking (ICN) -- shifts emphasis from hosts and interfaces (as in today's Internet) to data. Named data becomes addressable and routable, while locations that currently store that data become irrelevant to applications. Named Data Networking (NDN) is a large collaborative research effort that exemplifies the content-centric approach to networking. NDN has some innate privacy-friendly features, such as lack of source and destination addresses on packets. However, as discussed in this paper, NDN architecture prompts some privacy …
Information centric networking (ICN) proposes to redesign the Internet by replacing its host-centric design with information-centric design. Communication among entities is established at the naming level, with the receiver side (referred to as the Consumer) acting as the driving force behind content delivery, by interacting with the network through Interest message transmissions. One of the proposed advantages for ICN is its support for mobility, by de-coupling applications from transport semantics. However, so far, little research has been conducted to understand the interaction between ICN …
Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a concept being considered as a potential future alternative to, or replacement for, today's Internet IP-style packet-switched host-centric networking. One factor making CCN attractive is its focus on content distribution, which dominates current Internet traffic and which is arguably not well-served by IP. Named Data Networking (NDN) is a prominent example of CCN. It is also one of several on-going research efforts aiming to design and develop a full-blown candidate future Internet architecture. Although NDN's primary motivation is content distribution, it …
In this paper we present the design of name based access control scheme which facilitates data confidentiality by applying end-to-end encryption to data published on NDN with flexible fine-grained access control, which allows to define an enforce access policies on published data. The scheme is based on ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE). We discuss the use of the scheme on the basis of two use-cases, and report overhead associated with it, based on our implementation.
In the current Named Data Networking implementation, forwarding a data request requires finding an exact match between the prefix of the name carried in the request and a forwarding table entry. However, consumers may not always know the exact naming, or an exact prefix, of their desired data. The current approach to this problem-establishing naming conventions and performing name lookup-can be infeasible in highly ad hoc, heterogeneous, and dynamic environments: the same data can be named using different terms or even languages, naming conventions may be minimal if they exist at all, and name…
Autonomous truck and trailer configurations face challenges when operating in reverse due to the lack of sensing on the trailer. It is anticipated that sensor packages will be installed on existing trailers to extend autonomous operations while operating in reverse in uncontrolled environments, like a customer's loading dock. Power Line Communication (PLC) between the trailer and the tractor cannot support high bandwidth and low latency communication. This paper explores the impact of using Ethernet or a wireless medium for commercial trailer-tractor communication on the lifecycle and operatio…
Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is an emerging networking paradigm being considered as a possible replacement for the current IP-based host-centric Internet infrastructure. In CCN, named content becomes a first-class entity. CCN focuses on content distribution, which dominates current Internet traffic and is arguably not well served by IP. Named-Data Networking (NDN) is an example of CCN. NDN is also an active research project under the NSF Future Internet Architectures (FIA) program. FIA emphasizes security and privacy from the outset and by design. To be a viable Internet architecture, NDN …
Information-centric networking (ICN) is one of the promising solutions that cater to the challenges of IP-based networking. ICN shifts the IP-based access model to a data-centric model. Named Data Networking (NDN) is a flexible ICN architecture, which is based on content distribution considering data as the core entity rather than IP-based hosts. User-generated mobile contents for real-time multimedia communication such as Internet telephony are very common these days and are increasing both in quality and quantity. In NDN, producer mobility is one of the challenging problems to support uninte…
Information Centric Networking is considered a promising communication technology for the constrained IoT, but NDN was designed only for standard network infrastructure. In this paper, we design and evaluate an NDN convergence layer for low power lossy links that (1) augments the NDN stateful forwarding with a highly efficient name eliding, (2) devises stateless compression schemes for standard NDN use cases, (3) adapts NDN packets to the small MTU size of IEEE 802.15.4, and (4) generates compatibility with 6LoWPAN so that IPv6 and NDN can coexist on the same LoWPAN links. Our findings indicat…
Peer-to-peer file sharing envisions a data-centric dissemination model, where files consisting of multiple data pieces can be shared from any peer that can offer the data or from multiple peers simultaneously. This aim, implemented at the application layer of the network architecture, matches with the objective of Named Data Networking (NDN), a proposed Internet architecture that features a data-centric communication model at the network layer. To study the impact of a data-centric network architecture on peer-to-peer file sharing, we proposed nTorrent, a peer-to-peer file sharing application …
NDN has gained significant attention due to the appearance of several unforeseen design flaws that became evident with new communication scenarios. Among its many features, the two standard NDN forwarding strategies are not adaptive, causing performance degradation in several scenarios. This paper proposes an adaptive forwarding strategy based on deep reinforcement learning with Deep Q-Network, which analyzes the NDN router interface metrics without creating signaling overhead or harming the design principles from the NDN architecture, besides showing significant performance gains compared to …
In the last decade, there has been a growing realization that the current Internet Protocol is reaching the limits of its senescence. This has prompted several research efforts that aim to design potential next-generation Internet architectures. Named Data Networking (NDN), an instantiation of the content-centric approach to networking, is one such effort. In contrast with IP, NDN routers maintain a significant amount of user-driven state. In this paper we investigate how to use this state for covert ephemeral communication (CEC). CEC allows two or more parties to covertly exchange ephemeral m…
In this work we investigate Named Data Networking's (NDN's) architectural properties and features, such as content caching and intelligent packet forwarding, in the context of a Content Delivery Network (CDN) workflows. More specifically, we evaluate NDN's properties for PoP (Point of Presence) to PoP and PoP to device connectivity. We use the Apache Traffic Server (ATS) platform to create an HTTP, CDN-like caching hierarchy in order to compare NDN with HTTP-based content delivery. Overall, our work demonstrates that properties inherent to NDN can benefit content providers and users alike. Our…
Named-Data Networking (NDN), a prominent realization of the Information-Centric Networking (ICN) vision, offers a request-response communication model where data is identified based on application-defined names at the network layer. This amplifies the ability of censoring authorities to restrict user access to certain data/websites/applications and monitor user requests. The majority of existing NDN-based frameworks have focused on enabling users in a censoring network to access data available outside of this network, without considering how data producers in a censoring network can make their…
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have plagued the Internet for decades, but the basic defense approaches have not fundamentally changed. Rather, the size and rate of growth in attacks have actually outpaced carriers' and DDoS mitigation services' growth, calling for new solutions that can be, partially or fully, deployed imminently and exhibit effectiveness. In this paper, we examine the basic functions in Named Data Networking (NDN), a newly proposed Internet architecture, that can address the principle weaknesses in today's IP networks. We demonstrate by a new DDoS mitigation sol…
Today is the era of smart devices. Through the smart devices, people remain connected with systems across the globe even in mobile state. Hence, the current Internet is facing scalability issue. Therefore, leaving IP based Internet behind due to scalability, the world is moving to the Future Internet Architecture, called Named Data Networking (NDN). Currently, the number of nodes connected to the Internet is in billions. And, the number of requests sent is in millions per second. NDN handles such huge numbers by modifying the IP architecture to meet the current requirements. NDN is scalable, p…
Named Data Networking (NDN) is a prominent realization of the vision of Information-Centric Networking. The NDN architecture adopts name-based routing and location-independent data retrieval. Among other important features, NDN integrates security mechanisms and focuses on protecting the content rather than the communications channels. Along with a new architecture come new threats and NDN is no exception. NDN is a potential target for new network attacks such as Interest Flooding Attacks (IFAs). Attackers take advantage of IFA to launch (D)DoS attacks in NDN. Many IFA detection and mitigation…
With the growing realization that current Internet protocols are reaching the limits of their senescence, a number of on-going research efforts aim to design potential next-generation Internet architectures. Although they vary in maturity and scope, in order to avoid past pitfalls, these efforts seek to treat security and privacy as fundamental requirements. Resilience to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks that plague today's Internet is a major issue for any new architecture and deserves full attention. In this paper, we focus on DoS in a specific candidate next-generation Internet architecture …
Modern digitally controlled systems require multiparty authentication and authorization to meet the desired security requirement. This paper describes the design and development of NDN-MPS, an automated solution to support multiparty signature signing and verification for NDN-enabled applications. NDN-MPS suggests several changes and extensions to the existing NDN security solutions. First, it introduces a new type of trust schema to support signing and verification for multiple signers under complex policies such as threshold schemes. Second, it extends the NDN signature format to accommodate…
In this paper, we propose PopNetCod, a popularity-based caching policy for network coding enabled Named Data Networking. PopNetCod is a distributed caching policy, in which each router measures the local popularity of the content objects by analyzing the requests that it receives. It then uses this information to decide which Data packets to cache or evict from its content store. Since network coding is used, partial caching of content objects is supported, which facilitates the management of the content store. The routers decide the Data packets that they cache or evict in an online manner wh…
Forwarding decisions in classical IP-based networks are predetermined by routing. This is necessary to avoid loops, inhibiting opportunities to implement an adaptive and intelligent forwarding plane. Consequently, content distribution efficiency is reduced due to a lack of inherent multi-path transmission. In Named Data Networking (NDN) instead, routing shall hold a supporting role to forwarding, providing sufficient potential to enhance content dissemination at the forwarding plane. In this paper we design, implement, and evaluate a novel probability-based forwarding strategy, called Stochast…
In contrast to today's IP-based host-oriented Internet architecture, Information-Centric Networking (ICN) emphasizes content by making it directly addressable and routable. Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture is an instance of ICN that is being developed as a candidate next-generation Internet architecture. By opportunistically caching content within the network (in routers), NDN appears to be well-suited for large-scale content distribution and for meeting the needs of increasingly mobile and bandwidth-hungry applications that dominate today's Internet. One key feature of NDN is the requ…
Emerging network architectures like Information-centric Networking (ICN) offer simplicity in the data plane by addressing named data. Such flexibility opens up the possibility to move data processing inside network elements for high-performance computation, known as in-network processing. However, existing ICN architectures are limited in terms of data plane programmability due to the lack of (i) in-network processing and (ii) data plane programming abstractions. Such architectures can benefit from Complex Event Processing (CEP), an in-network processing paradigm to efficiently process data in…
As in-vehicle communication becomes more complex, the automotive community is exploring various architectural options such as centralized and zonal architectures for their numerous benefits. Zonal architecture reduces the wiring cost by physically locating related operations and ECUs near their intended functions and the number of physical ECUs through function consolidation. Centralized architectures consolidate the number of ECUs into few, powerful compute units. Common characteristics of these architectures include the need for high-bandwidth communication and security, which have been elus…
Forwarding data by name has been assumed to be a necessary aspect of an information-centric redesign of the current Internet architecture that makes content access, dissemination, and storage more efficient. The Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) architectures are the leading examples of such an approach. However, forwarding data by name incurs storage and communication complexities that are orders of magnitude larger than solutions based on forwarding data using addresses. Furthermore, the specific algorithms used in NDN and CCNx have been shown to have a number…
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) specifically Name Data Networking (NDN) is the name-base (content-base) networking and takes named-contents as "first class citizen", being considered as the ideal candidate to form the Future Internet basis. NDN striking features like named-data self-secured contents, name-base-forwarding, in-network caching and mobility support suits the Internet of Things (IoT) environment, which aims to enable communication among smart devices and to combine all Internet-based smart applications under the one roof. With these aims, IoT put many research challenges regar…
Serving as a potential future Internet architecture, Named Data Network (NDN) offers superior information-centric architectural support for mobile ad-hoc networking. Using NDN as an underlying protocol, end-user devices (e.g. IoT device and smart phone) formulate a multi-hop (mesh) network, in which certain devices play a role of forwarding packets for others and/or act as gateways to access the Internet. Nevertheless, an autonomous (selfish) node in an ad-hoc network has two disincentives for forwarding packets for others: energy expenditure and possible delays for its own data. This paper in…
Using Interests (requests that elicit content) and maintaining per-Interest forwarding state in Pending Interest Tables (PIT) are integral to the design of the Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) architectures. However, using PITs makes the network vulnerable to Interest-flooding attacks, and PITs can become very large. It is shown that in-network caching eliminates the need for Interest aggregation and obviates the use of PITs. A new approach to content-centric networking (CCN-GRAM) is introduced that provides all the benefits of NDN and CCNx, eliminates the use …
We introduce CCN-RAMP (Routing to Anchors Matching Prefixes), a new approach to content-centric networking. CCN-RAMP offers all the advantages of the Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) but eliminates the need to either use Pending Interest Tables (PIT) or lookup large Forwarding Information Bases (FIB) listing name prefixes in order to forward Interests. CCN-RAMP uses small forwarding tables listing anonymous sources of Interests and the locations of name prefixes. Such tables are immune to Interest-flooding attacks and are smaller than the FIBs used to list IP a…
Information-centric Networking (ICN) is an emerging Internet architecture that offers promising features, such as in-network caching and named data addressing, to support the edge computing paradigm, in particular Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. ICN can benefit from Complex Event Processing (CEP), which is an in-network processing paradigm to specify and perform efficient query operations on data streams. However, integrating CEP into ICN is a challenging task due to the following reasons: (1) typical ICN architectures do not provide support for forwarding and processing continuous data…
Emerging information-centric networking architectures seek to optimally utilize both bandwidth and storage for efficient content distribution. This highlights the need for joint design of traffic engineering and caching strategies, in order to optimize network performance in view of both current traffic loads and future traffic demands. We present a systematic framework for joint dynamic interest request forwarding and dynamic cache placement and eviction, within the context of the Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture. The framework employs a virtual control plane which operates on the use…
The importance of HTTP in today's networks isundisputed. As a solution to enhance QoS and enhance scalability CDN networks have been designed and deployed. Recently, anew paradigm known as ICN has been envisioned focusing the network routing on the content itself instead of the geographical attachment of addresses. Software Defined Networkings (SDNs) have been researched for the last 10 years as enablers of FutureInternet (FI) architectures in general and of ICN in particular. We have already proposed the Information Centric Network as a Service (ICNaaS) architecture to provide with end-to-end…
Emerging Information-Centric Networking (ICN) architectures seek to optimally utilize both bandwidth and storage for efficient content distribution over the network. The Virtual Interest Packet (VIP) framework has been proposed to enable joint design of forwarding, caching, and congestion control strategies within the Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture. While the existing VIP algorithms exhibit good performance, they are primarily focused on maximizing network throughput and utility, and do not explicitly consider user delay. In this paper, we develop a new class of enhanced algorithms f…
BitTorrent is a popular communication protocol for peer-to-peer file sharing. It uses a data-centric approach, wherein the data is decentralized and peers request each other for pieces of the file(s). Aspects of this process is similar to the Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture, but is realized completely at the application level on top of TCP/IP networking. nTorrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing application that is based on NDN. The goal of this project is to port the application onto ndnSIM to allow for simulation and testing.
BitTorrent is a popular communication protocol for peer-to-peer file sharing. It uses a data-centric approach, wherein the data is decentralized and peers request each other for pieces of the file(s). Aspects of this process is similar to the Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture, but is realized completely at the application level on top of TCP/IP networking. nTorrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing application that is based on NDN. The goal of this project is to port the application onto ndnSIM and illustrate the effects of routing and forwarding.
With the growing adoption of Distributed Ledger Technologies and the subsequent scaling of these networks, there is an inherent need for efficient and resilient communication used by the underlying consensus and replication mechanisms. While resilient and efficient communication is one of the main pillars of an efficient blockchain network as a whole, the Distributed Ledger Technology is still relatively new and the task of scaling these networks has come with its own challenges towards ensuring these goals. New content distribution concepts like Information Centric Networking, of which Named …
The Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) architectures are the leading approaches for content-centric networking, and both require using Interests (requests that elicit content) and maintaining per-Interest forwarding state in Pending Interest Tables (PIT) to store per-Interest forwarding state. To date, PITs have been assumed to be necessary to enable native support for multicasting in the data plane, such that multicast forwarding trees (MFT) are established by the forwarding and aggregation of Interests using PITs. We present a new approach to content-centric ne…
With the continuous emergence of new mobile devices which support new communication paradigms such as D2D and V2V, Internet users can take advantage of these devices to achieve better Internet connectivity and improve service quality. Meanwhile, packet forwarding brings extra costs to devices (e.g. electricity consumption), that hinders the realisation of successful ad-hoc networks. This paper proposes Reactive Routing and Payment Protocol (R2P2) to incentivise mobile devices to contribute idle networking resources and gain monetary returns. The routing and payment protocol is developed for Na…
With the increasing availability of mobile devices that natively support Device-to-Device (D2D) communication protocols, we are presented with a unique opportunity to realize large scale ad hoc wireless networks. Recently, a novel D2D protocol named WiFi Direct has been proposed and standardized by the WiFi Alliance with the objective of facilitating the interconnection of nearby devices. However, WiFi Direct has been designed following a client-server hierarchical architecture, where a single device manages all the communications within a group of devices. In this paper, we propose and analyz…
In this paper we present the design of Name-based Access Control (NAC) scheme, which supports data confidentiality and access control in Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture by encrypting content at the time of production, and by automating the distribution of encryption and decryption keys. NAC achieves the above design goals by leveraging specially crafted NDN naming conventions to define and enforce access control policies, and to automate the cryptographic key management. The paper also explains how NDN's hierarchically structured namespace allows NAC to support fine-grained access con…
With the development of new technologies and applications, such as the Internet of Things, smart cities, 5G, and edge computing, traditional Internet Protocol-based (IP-based) networks have been exposed as having many problems. Information-Centric Networking (ICN), Named Data Networking (NDN), and Content-Centric Networking (CCN) are therefore proposed as an alternative for future networks. However, unlike IP-based networks, CCN routing is nondeterministic and difficult to optimize due to frequent in-network caching replacement. This paper presents a novel probe-based routing algorithm that ex…
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has recently emerged as a prominent candidate for the Future Internet Architecture (FIA) that addresses existing issues with the host-centric communication model of the current TCP/IP-based Internet. Named Data Networking (NDN) is one of the most recent and active ICN architectures that provides a clean slate approach for Internet communication. NDN provides intrinsic content security where security is directly provided to the content instead of communication channel. Among other security aspects, Access Control (AC) rules specify the privileges for the ent…
This paper introduces DAta-centric Peer-to-peer filE Sharing (DAPES), a data sharing protocol for scenarios with intermittent connectivity and user mobility. DAPES provides a set of semantically meaningful hierarchical naming abstractions that facilitate the exchange of file collections via local connectivity. This enables peers to "make the most" out of the limited connection time with other peers by maximizing the utility of individual transmissions to provide data missing by most connected peers. DAPES runs on top of Named-Data Networking (NDN) and extends NDN's data-centric network layer a…
To meet the increasing demands of next-generation cellular networks (e.g., 6G), advanced networking technologies must be incorporated. On one hand, the Fog Radio Access Network (F-RAN), has been proposed as an enhancement to the Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN). On the other hand, efficient network architectures, such as Named Data Networking (NDN), have been recognized as prominent Future Internet candidates. Nevertheless, the interplay between F-RAN and NDN warrants further investigation. In this paper, we propose an NDN-enabled F-RAN architecture featuring a strategy for distributed in-ne…
Research in Information-Centric Networking (ICN) and Named Data Networking (NDN) has produced many protocol designs and software prototypes, but they need to be validated and evaluated by real usage on the Internet, which is also critical to the realization of the ICN/NDN vision in the long-run. This paper presents the first Internet-scale adaptive video streaming service over NDN, which allows regular users to watch videos using NDN technology with no software installation or manual configuration. Since mid-2019, the official NDN website has started using our service to deliver its videos to …
Recent years with the popularity of mobile devices have witnessed an explosive growth of mobile multimedia contents which dominate more than 50\% of mobile data traffic. This significant growth poses a severe challenge for future cellular networks. As a promising approach to overcome the challenge, we advocate Content Retrieval At the Edge, a content-centric cooperative service paradigm via device-to-device (D2D) communications to reduce cellular traffic volume in mobile networks. By leveraging the Named Data Networking (NDN) principle, we propose sNDN, a social-aware named data framework to a…
Future wireless networks will be characterized by heterogeneous traffic requirements. Such requirements can be low-latency or minimum-throughput. Therefore, the network has to adjust to different needs. Usually, users with low-latency requirements have to deliver their demand within a specific time frame, i.e., before a deadline, and they co-exist with throughput oriented users. In addition, the users are mobile and they share the same wireless channel. Therefore, they have to adjust their power transmission to achieve reliable communication. However, due to the limited power budget of wireles…
IP networking deals with end-to-end communication where the network layer routing protocols maintain the reachability from one address to another. However, challenging environments, such as mobile ad-hoc networks or MANETs, lead to frequent path failures and changes between the sender and receiver, incurring higher packet loss. The obligatory route setup and maintenance of a device-to-device stable path in MANETs incur significant data retrieval delay and transmission overhead. Such overhead exaggerates the packet loss manifold. Named Data Networking (NDN) can avoid such delays and overhead an…
