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arXiv 2007.04398astro-ph.EP
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偏心轨道小质量行星的动力学原大气

The Dynamic Proto-atmospheres around Low-Mass Planets with Eccentric Orbits

Chuhong Mai, Steven J. Desch, Rolf Kuiper, Gabriel-Dominique Marleau, Cornelis Dullemond

摘要:

原行星嵌入气态原行星盘时能够吸积原始大气。原始大气的形成和结构受行星盘环境和轨道效应的影响。特别是,当行星在偏心轨道上时,它们与气体的相对速度可以超过声速。行星会产生剥离大气层的弓形激波。我们用辐射流体动力学模拟研究了低质量偏心轨道行星上的原大气层。本文建立了一个原大气的二维辐射模式,并将气体和尘埃的不透明度列成表格。这些解揭示了弓形激波结构内部的大规模气体再循环。偏心行星上的大气层通常比圆形轨道的行星少三到四个数量级。然而,总体而言,超音速环境有利于行星保持早期稳定的大气,而不是有害的,因为通过循环流稳定的气体供应。我们还定量地探讨了行星与气体的相对速度、行星质量和背景气体密度对这种大气的影响。我们的随时间变化的模拟跟踪原大气层的轨道演化与行星盘参数在整个轨道上变化。当行星在偏心轨道上运行时,大气特性显示出振荡模式,相位滞后。总而言之,低质量的偏心行星可以保留小的原大气层,尽管弓形冲击的剥离效应。大气层总是与盘状气体相连并相互作用。这些发现为研究迁移和散射对行星原大气层的影响提供了重要的见解。

英文摘要:

Protoplanets are able to accrete primordial atmospheres when embedded in the gaseous protoplanetary disk. The formation and structure of the proto-atmosphere are subject to the planet--disk environment and orbital effects. Especially, when planets are on eccentric orbits, their relative velocities to the gas can exceed the sound speed. The planets generate atmosphere-stripping bow shocks. We investigate the proto-atmospheres on low-mass planets with eccentric orbits with radiation-hydrodynamics simulations. A 2D radiative model of the proto-atmosphere is established with tabulated opacities for the gas and dust. The solutions reveal large-scale gas recycling inside a bow shock structure. The atmospheres on eccentric planets are typically three to four orders of magnitude less massive than those of planets with circular orbits. Overall, however, a supersonic environment is favorable for planets to keep an early stable atmosphere, rather than harmful, due to the steady gas supply through the recycling flow. We also quantitatively explore how such atmospheres are affected by the relative velocity of the planet to the gas, the planet mass, and the background gas density. Our time-dependent simulations track the orbital evolution of the proto-atmosphere with the planet--disk parameters changing throughout the orbit. Atmospheric properties show oscillatory patterns as the planet travels on an eccentric orbit, with a lag in phase. To sum up, low-mass eccentric planets can retain small proto-atmospheres despite the stripping effects of bow shocks. The atmospheres are always connected to and interacting with the disk gas. These findings provide important insights into the impacts of migration and scattering on planetary proto-atmospheres.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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