As a technology that can prevent the information from being disclosed, the reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) acts as an important role in privacy protection and information security. To make use of the image redundancy and further improve the embedding performance, a high-capacity RDHEI method based on bit-plane compression of prediction error is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the whole prediction error is calculated and divided into blocks of the same size. Then, the content owner rearranges the bit-plane of prediction error by block and compresses the bitstream with the joint encoding algorithm to reserve room. Finally, the image is encrypted and the information can be embedded into the reserved room. On the receiver side, the information extraction and the image recovery are performed separably. Experimental results show that the proposed method brings higher embedding capacity than state-of-the-art RDHEI works.
This work proposes an improved reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted images using parametric binary tree labeling(IPBTL-RDHEI), which takes advantage of the spatial correlation in the entire original image but not in small image blocks to reserve room for hiding data. Then the original image is encrypted with an encryption key and the parametric binary tree is used to label encrypted pixels into two different categories. Finally, one of the two categories of encrypted pixels can embed secret information by bit replacement. According to the experimental results, compared with several state…
Reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) receives growing attention because it protects the content of the original image while the embedded data can be accurately extracted and the original image can be reconstructed lossless. To make full use of the correlation of the adjacent pixels, this paper proposes an RDHEI scheme based on pixel prediction and bit-plane compression. Firstly, to vacate room for data embedding, the prediction error of the original image is calculated and used for bit-plane rearrangement and compression. Then, the image after vacating room is encrypted by a stre…
With the development of cloud storage and privacy protection, reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) has attracted increasing attention as a technology that can embed additional data in the encryption domain. In general, an RDHEI method embeds secret data in an encrypted image while ensuring that the embedded data can be extracted error-free and the original image can be restored lossless. In this paper, A high-capacity RDHEI algorithm is proposed. At first, the Most Significant Bits (MSB) of each pixel was predicted adaptively and marked by Huffman coding in the original image. Th…
With the popularization of digital information technology, the reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) has gradually become the research hotspot of privacy protection in cloud storage. As a technology which can embed additional information in encrypted domain, extract the embedded information correctly and recover the original image without loss, RDHEI has been widely paid attention by researchers. To embed sufficient additional information in the encrypted image, a high-capacity RDHEI method using adaptive encoding is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the occurrence frequency of dif…
This paper first reviews the reversible data hiding scheme, of Liu et al. in 2018, for JPEG images. After that, a novel reversible data hiding scheme, in which modification directions of partial nonzero quantized alternating current (AC) coefficients are utilized to decrease distortion and file size increase caused by data hiding, is proposed. Experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme has indeed advantages in visual quality and smaller increase in file size of marked JPEG images while compared to the state-of-the-art scheme with the same embedding payload so far.
Great concern has arisen in the field of reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) due to the development of cloud storage and privacy protection. RDHEI is an effective technology that can embed additional data after image encryption, extract additional data error-free and reconstruct original images losslessly. In this paper, a high-capacity and fully reversible RDHEI method is proposed, which is based on pixel prediction and multi-MSB (most significant bit) planes rearrangement. First, the median edge detector (MED) predictor is used to calculate the predicted value. Next, unlike pr…
While the existing vacating room before encryption (VRBE) based schemes can achieve decent embedding rate, the payloads of the existing vacating room after encryption (VRAE) based schemes are relatively low. To address this issue, this paper proposes a generalized framework for high-capacity RDHEI for both VRBE and VRAE cases. First, an efficient embedding room generation algorithm (ERGA) is designed to produce large embedding room by using pixel prediction and entropy encoding. Then, we propose two RDHEI schemes, one for VRBE, another for VRAE. In the VRBE scenario, the image owner generates …
As a new generation of digital media for covert transmission, three-dimension (3D) mesh models are frequently used and distributed on the network. Facing the huge massive of network data, it is urgent to study a method to protect and store this large amounts of data. In this paper, we proposed a high capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted 3D mesh models. This method divides the vertices of all 3D mesh into "embedded sets" and "prediction sets" based on the parity of the index. In addition, the multiple most significant bit (Multi-MSB) prediction reserved space is used to adaptively embed…
As a branch of reversible data hiding (RDH), reversible data hiding in JEPG is particularly important. Because JPEG images are widely used, it is great significance to study reversible data hiding algorithm for JEPG images. The existing JEPG reversible data methods can be divided into two categories, one is based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients modification, the other is based on Huffman table modification, the methods based on DCT coefficient modification result in large file expansion and visual quality distortion, while the methods based on entropy coding domain modification…
Reversible data hiding in encrypted domain (RDH-ED) has received tremendous attention from the research community because data can be embedded into cover media without exposing it to the third party data hider and the cover media can be losslessly recovered after the extraction of the embedded data. Although, in recent years, extensive studies have been carried out about images based RDH-ED, little attention is paid to RDH-ED in 3D meshes due to its complex data structure and irregular geometry. In this paper, we propose a separable RDH-ED method for 3D meshes based on integer mapping and Mult…
A method of lossless data hiding in images using integer wavelet transform and histogram shifting for gray scale images is proposed. The method shifts part of the histogram, to create space for embedding the watermark information bits. The method embeds watermark while maintaining the visual quality well. The method is completely reversible. The original image and the watermark data can be recovered without any loss.
We propose an efficient framework of reversible data hiding to preserve compatibility between normal printing and printing with a special color ink by using a single common image. The special color layer is converted to a binary image by digital halftoning and losslessly compressed using JBIG2. Then, the compressed information of the binarized special color layer is reversibly embedded into the general color layer without significant distortion. Our experimental results show the availability of the proposed method in terms of the marked image quality.
In the paper "Robust reversible data hiding scheme based on two-layer embedding strategy" published in INS recently, Kumar et al. proposed a robust reversible data hiding (RRDH) scheme based on two-layer embedding. Secret data was embedded into the most significant bit (MSB) planes to increase robustness, and a sorting strategy based on local complexity was adopted to reduce distortion. However, Kumar et al.'s reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme is not as robust against joint photographic experts group (JPEG) compression as stated and can not be called RRDH. This comment first gives a brief de…
An accurate predictor is crucial for histogram-shifting (HS) based reversible data hiding methods. The embedding capacity is increased and the embedding distortion is decreased simultaneously if the predictor can generate accurate predictions. In this paper, we propose an accurate linear predictor based on weighted least squares (WLS) estimation. The robustness of WLS helps the proposed predictor generate accurate predictions, especially in complex texture areas of an image, where other predictors usually fail. To further reduce the embedding distortion, we propose a new embedding method calle…
As the multimedia and internet technologies are growing fast, the transmission of digital media plays an important role in communication. The various digital media like audio, video and images are being transferred through internet. There are a lot of threats for the digital data that are transferred through internet. Also, a number of security techniques have been employed to protect the data that is transferred through internet. This paper proposes a new technique for sending secret messages securely, using steganographic technique. Since the proposed system uses multiple level of security f…
Code mapping (CM) is an efficient technique for reversible data hiding (RDH) in JPEG images, which embeds data by constructing a mapping relationship between the used and unused codes in the JPEG bitstream. This study presents a new framework for designing a CM-based RDH method. First, a new code mapping strategy is proposed to suppress file size expansion and improve applicability. Based on our proposed strategy, the mapped codes are redefined by creating a new Huffman table rather than selecting them from the unused codes in the original Huffman table. The critical issue of designing the CM-…
Among various methods of reversible data hiding (RDH) in JPEG images, the consideration in designing is only the image quality, but the image quality and the file size expansion are equally important in JPEG images. Based on this situation, we propose a RDH scheme in JPEG images considering both the image quality and the file size expansion while designing the algorithm. The multi-objective optimization strategy is utilized to realize the balance of the two objectives. Specifically, the cover is divided into several non-overlapping signals firstly, and after that, the embedding costs of signal…
We propose an efficient framework with compatibility between normal printing and printing with special color inks in this paper. Special color inks can be used for printing to represent some particular colors and specific optical properties, which are difficult to express using only CMYK inks. Special color layers are required in addition to the general color layer for printing with special color inks. We introduce a reversible data hiding (RDH) method to embed the special color layers into the general color layer without visible artifacts. The proposed method can realize both normal printing …
H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC) is one of the most commonly used video compression standard currently. In this paper, we propose a Reversible Data Hiding (RDH) method based on H.264/AVC videos. In the proposed method, the macroblocks with intra-frame $4\times 4$ prediction modes in intra frames are first selected as embeddable blocks. Then, the last zero Quantized Discrete Cosine Transform (QDCT) coefficients in all $4\times 4$ blocks of the embeddable macroblocks are paired. In the following, a modification mapping rule based on making full use of modification directions are given. Finally,…
In this paper, a new reversible data hiding (RDH) algorithm that is based on the concept of shifting of prediction error histograms is proposed. The algorithm extends the efficient modification of prediction errors (MPE) algorithm by incorporating two predictors and using one prediction error value for data embedding. The motivation behind using two predictors is driven by the fact that predictors have different prediction accuracy which is directly related to the embedding capacity and quality of the stego image. The key feature of the proposed algorithm lies in using two predictors without t…
In traditional reversible data hiding (RDH) methods, researchers pay attention to enlarge the embedding capacity (EC) and to reduce the embedding distortion (ED). Recently, a completely novel RDH algorithm was developed to embed secret data into color image without changing the corresponding grayscale [1], which largely expands the applications of RDH. In [1], for color image, channel R and channel B are exploited to carry secret information, channel G is adjusted for balancing the modifications of channel R and channel B to keep the invariance of grayscale. However, we found that the embeddin…
In this paper, we propose a reversible data hiding method in the spatial domain for compressed grayscale images. The proposed method embeds secret bits into a compressed thumbnail of the original image by using a novel interpolation method and the Neighbour Mean Interpolation (NMI) technique as scaling up to the original image occurs. Experimental results presented in this paper show that the proposed method has significantly improved embedding capacities over the approach proposed by Jung and Yoo.
This paper presents a reversible data hiding in encrypted image (RDHEI), which divides image into non-overlapping blocks. In each block, central pixel of the block is considered as leader pixel and others as follower ones. The prediction errors between the intensity of follower pixels and leader ones are calculated and analyzed to determine a feature for block embedding capacity. This feature indicates the amount of data that can be embedded in a block. Using this pre-process for whole blocks, we vacate rooms before the encryption of the original image to achieve high embedding capacity. Also,…
In recent years, reversible data hiding (RDH), a new research hotspot in the field of information security, has been paid more and more attention by researchers. Most of the existing RDH schemes do not fully take it into account that natural image's texture has influence on embedding distortion. The image distortion caused by embedding data in the image's smooth region is much smaller than that in the unsmooth region, essentially, it is because embedding additional data in the smooth region corresponds to fewer invalid shifting pixels (ISPs) in histogram shifting. Thus, we propose a RDH scheme…
This paper presents a histogram based reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme, which divides image pixels into different cell frequency bands to sort them for data embedding. Data hiding is more efficient in lower cell frequency bands because it provides more accurate prediction. Using pixel existence probability in some pixels of ultra-low cell frequency band, another sorting is performed. Employing these two novel sorting methods in combination with the hiding intensity analysis that determines optimum prediction error, we improve the quality of the marked image especially for low embedding capa…
The conventional reversible data hiding (RDH) algorithms often consider the host as a whole to embed a secret payload. In order to achieve satisfactory rate-distortion performance, the secret bits are embedded into the noise-like component of the host such as prediction errors. From the rate-distortion optimization view, it may be not optimal since the data embedding units use the identical parameters. This motivates us to present a segmented data embedding strategy for efficient RDH in this paper, in which the raw host could be partitioned into multiple subhosts such that each one can freely …
Data in mobile cloud environment are mainly transmitted via wireless noisy channels, which may result in transmission errors with a high probability due to its unreliable connectivity. For video transmission, unreliable connectivity may cause significant degradation of the content. Improving or keeping video quality over lossy channel is therefore a very important research topic. Error concealment with data hiding (ECDH) is an effective way to conceal the errors introduced by channels. It can reduce error propagation between neighbor blocks/frames comparing with the methods exploiting temporal…
For a required payload, the existing reversible data hiding (RDH) methods always expect to reduce the embedding distortion as much as possible, such as by utilizing a well-designed predictor, taking into account the carrier-content characteristics, and/or improving modification efficiency etc. However, due to the diversity of natural images, it is actually very hard to accurately model the statistical characteristics of natural images, which has limited the practical use of traditional RDH methods that rely heavily on the content characteristics. Based on this perspective, instead of directly …
This paper presents a novel reversible data hiding (RDH) algorithm for gray-scaled images, in which the prediction-error of prediction error (PPE) of a pixel is used to carry the secret data. In the proposed method, the pixels to be embedded are firstly predicted with their neighboring pixels to obtain the corresponding prediction errors (PEs). Then, by exploiting the PEs of the neighboring pixels, the prediction of the PEs of the pixels can be determined. And, a sorting technique based on the local complexity of a pixel is used to collect the PPEs to generate an ordered PPE sequence so that, …
The traditional reversible data hiding technique is based on cover image modification which inevitably leaves some traces of rewriting that can be more easily analyzed and attacked by the warder. Inspired by the cover synthesis steganography based generative adversarial networks, in this paper, a novel generative reversible data hiding scheme (GRDH) by image translation is proposed. First, an image generator is used to obtain a realistic image, which is used as an input to the image-to-image translation model with CycleGAN. After image translation, a stego image with different semantic informa…
This letter proposes an improved CNN predictor (ICNNP) for reversible data hiding (RDH) in images, which consists of a feature extraction module, a pixel prediction module, and a complexity prediction module. Due to predicting the complexity of each pixel with the ICNNP during the embedding process, the proposed method can achieve superior performance than the CNN predictor-based method. Specifically, an input image does be first split into two different sub-images, i.e., the "Dot" image and the "Cross" image. Meanwhile, each sub-image is applied to predict another one. Then, the prediction er…
Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST)（军事科学技术学院（MIST））；Bangladesh Military Academy (BMA)（孟加拉国军事学院（BMA））
Pixel Value Ordering (PVO) holds an impressive property for high fidelity Reversible Data Hiding (RDH). In this paper, we introduce a dual-PVO (dPVO) for Prediction Error Expansion(PEE), and thereby develop a new RDH scheme to offer a better rate-distortion performance. Particularly, we propose to embed in two phases: forward and backward. In the forward phase, PVO with classic PEE is applied to every non-overlapping image block of size 1x3. In the backward phase,minimum-set and maximum-set of pixels are determined from the pixels predicted in the forward phase. The minimum set only contains t…
JPEG is the most popular image format, which is widely used in our daily life. Therefore, reversible data hiding (RDH) for JPEG images is important. Most of the RDH schemes for JPEG images will cause significant distortions and large file size increments in the marked JPEG image. As a special case of RDH, the lossless data hiding (LDH) technique can keep the visual quality of the marked images no degradation. In this paper, a novel high capacity LDH scheme is proposed. In the JPEG bitstream, not all the variable length codes (VLC) are used to encode image data. By constructing the mapping betw…
Digital watermarking is a technique of information adding or information hiding in order to identify the owner of the data in multimedia content. It seems that a signal or digital image can permanently embed over another digital data providing a good way to protect intellectual property from illegal replication. The cover data that is transmitted through the internet hides the watermark in a computer aided assertion method such that it becomes undetectable. Finally it stands as a hindrance over many operations without harming the embedded host document. Unfortunately, many owners of the digita…
Reversible video watermarking can guarantee that the watermark logo and the original frame can be recovered from the watermarked frame without any distortion. Although reversible video watermarking has successfully been applied in multimedia, its application has not been extensively explored in medical videos. Reversible watermarking in medical videos is still a challenging problem. The existing reversible video watermarking algorithms, which are based on error prediction expansion, use motion vectors for prediction. In this study, we propose an adaptive reversible watermarking method for medi…
Valahia University of Targoviste（特尔戈维什特瓦拉几亚大学）；LIS—National Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble（格勒诺布尔国立理工学院LIS实验室）
Reversible contrast mapping (RCM) is a simple integer transform that applies to pairs of pixels. For some pairs of pixels, RCM is invertible, even if the least significant bits (LSBs) of the transformed pixels are lost. The data space occupied by the LSBs is suitable for data hiding. The embedded information bit-rates of the proposed spatial domain reversible watermarking scheme are close to the highest bit-rates reported so far. The scheme does not need additional data compression, and, in terms of mathematical complexity, it appears to be the lowest complexity one proposed up to now. A very …
Reversible visible watermarking (RVW) is an active copyright protection mechanism. It not only transparently superimposes copyright patterns on specific positions of digital images or video frames to declare the copyright ownership information, but also completely erases the visible watermark image and thus enables restoring the original host image without any distortion. However, existing RVW algorithms mostly construct the reversible mapping mechanism for a specific visible watermarking scheme, which is not versatile. Hence, we propose a generic RVW framework to accommodate various visible w…
Currently, cryptography is in wide use as it is being exploited in various domains from data confidentiality to data integrity and message authentication. Basically, cryptography shuffles data so that they become unreadable by unauthorized parties. However, clearly visible encrypted messages, no matter how unbreakable, will arouse suspicions. A better approach would be to hide the very existence of the message using steganography. Fundamentally, steganography conceals secret data into innocent-looking mediums called carriers which can then travel from the sender to the receiver safe and unnoti…
Information security is one of the most challenging problems in today's technological world. In order to secure the transmission of secret data over the public network (Internet), various schemes have been presented over the last decade. Steganography combined with cryptography, can be one of the best choices for solving this problem. This paper proposes a new steganographic method based on gray-level modification for true colour images using image transposition, secret key and cryptography. Both the secret key and secret information are initially encrypted using multiple encryption algorithms…
