The discrepancies among the measurements of branching ratios and CP asymmetries of $B$ arrow $ππ$ decays such as large direct CP asymmetry for $B^0 $ arrow $π^+ π^-$ mode and large branching ratio for $B^0$ arrow $π^0 π^0$ mode originate the $B$ arrow $ππ$ puzzle. According to diagrammatic approach of this $b$ arrow $d$ transition the small ratio of color-suppressed amplitude (C) to color-allowed one (T) contradicts between the standard model (SM) approach and the experimental values. To make out the ambiguity we need to scrutinize the decays with different topological amplitudes. In this paper, the decays are studied in the SM by taking different values of C/T as constraints. We find that larger ratio of C/T is explained successfully in the SM but the lower ratio is not for which new physics (NP) is needed. The NP contribution can be included in $B$ arrow $ππ$ decays at tree level by Z' boson. Here, we find that Z' model can explain the puzzle by providing a good solution for lower ratio of C/T.
Anomalies in semi-leptonic $B$ decays could indicate new physics beyond the standard model(SM). There is an older puzzle in non-leptonic $B \to πK$ decays. The new particles, leptoquarks and diquarks, required to solve the semi-leptonic and the non-leptonic puzzles can also generate neutrino masses and mixing at loop level. We show that a consistent framework to explain the $B$ anomalies and the neutrino masses is possible and we make predictions for certain rare nonleptonic $B$ decays.
Motivated by the rapid development of heavy-flavor experiments, phenomenological studies of nonleptonic $\bar{B}_{d,s} \to D^{*}_{d,s} V$ and $\bar{B}_{d,s}^* \to D_{d,s} V$~($V=ρ\,,K^*$) decays are performed within the framework of QCD Factorization. Relative to previous works, the QCD corrections to the transverse amplitudes are evaluated at next-to-leading order. The theoretical predictions of the observables are updated. For the measured $\bar{B}_{d,s} \to D^{*}_{d,s} V$ decays, two tensions between theoretical results and experimental measurements, {\it i.e.} "$R_{ds}^{V}$ puzzle" and "$D…
We study $B\to ππ$ decay with a modified perturbative QCD approach. The branching ratios and $CP$ violation are calculated with the transverse momenta of partons considered. Sudakov factor associated with each meson is included to suppress soft contribution in QCD. With the wave function of $B$ meson obtained in QCD-inspired relativistic potential model being used, the suppression of Sudakov factor to the soft contribution is not effective enough. Soft scale cutoff and soft form factors of $Bπ$ transition and $ππ$ production have to be introduced. The main next-to-leading-order contributions o…
Recent measurements of the proton radius using the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen are troublingly discrepant with values extracted from hydrogen spectroscopy and electron-proton scattering experiments. This discrepancy, which differs by more than five standard deviations, may be a signal of new physics caused by a violation of lepton universality. Another candidate for a new physics signal is the muon anomalous magnetic moment. The measurement at BNL differs from the standard model prediction by at least three standard deviations. Motivated by these two puzzles, first we use polarized lepton-nu…
The observation of new $Ω_{c}=ssc$ states by LHCb \cite{Aaij:2017nav} and the confirmation of four of them by Belle \cite{Yelton:2017qxg} may represent an important milestone in our understanding of the quark organization inside hadrons. By providing results for the spectrum of $Ω_{c(b)}$ baryons and predictions for their $Ξ_{c(b)}^{+}K^{-}$ decay channels, we suggest a possible solution to the $Ω_{c}$ quantum number puzzle. We also discuss why the set of $Ω_{c(b)}$ baryons are the most suitable environment to test the validity of three-quark and quark-diquark effective degrees of freedom. Fin…
We present here a possible resolution of the jet quenching parameter $\hat{q}$ puzzle by exploring the momentum fraction $x$ and scale $Q^2$ dependence of $\hat{q}$, in addition to temperature dependence. We explore the momentum broadening of the jet due to Glauber gluon exchange with the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). This has led us to define the momentum fraction $x$ for the partons in the QGP. We also show here, for the first time, possible forms of the parton distribution function (PDF) of the QGP. The QGP-PDF as input in $\hat{q}$ has been used to fit the PHENIX and CMS data simultaneously. W…
Recent measurements have established the sensitivity of ultracentral heavy-ion collisions to the deformation parameters of non-spherical nuclei. In the case of ${}^{ 129}$Xe collisions, a quadrupole deformation of the nuclear profile led to an enhancement of elliptic flow in the most central collisions. In ${}^{ 208}$Pb collisions a discrepancy exists in similar centralities, where either elliptic flow is over-predicted or triangular flow is under-predicted by hydrodynamic models; this is known as the $v_2$-to-$v_3$ puzzle in ultracentral collisions. Motivated by low-energy nuclear structure c…
New physics motivated by muonic puzzles (proton radius and muon $g-2$ discrepancies) is studied. Using a light scalar boson $ϕ$, assuming Yukawa interactions, accounts for these muonic puzzles simultaneously. Our previous work limits the existence of such a scalar boson's mass $m_ϕ$ from about 160 keV to 60 MeV. We improve this result by including the influence of all of the possible particles that couple to the $ϕ$ in computing the decay rate. Doing this involves including the strong interaction physics, involving quarks, necessary to compute the $ηπϕ$ vertex function. The Nambu-Jona-Lasinio …
