This paper develops a technique allowing one to prove the convergence of a class of series of multiple integrals which corresponds to the form factor expansion of two-point functions in the 1+1 dimensional massive integrable Sinh-Gordon quantum field theory.
The Lax pair formalism is considered to discuss the integrability of the N=1 supersymmetric sinh-Gordon model with a defect. We derive associated defect matrix for the model and construct the generating functions of the modified conserved quantities. The corresponding defect contributions for the modified energy and momentum of the model are explicitly computed.
Employing the Hirota's method, a class of soliton solutions for the N=2 super mKdV equations is proposed in terms of a single Grassmann parameter. Such solutions are shown to satisfy two copies of N=1 supersymmetric mKdV equations connected by nontrivial algebraic identities. Using the super Miura transformation, we obtain solutions of the N=2 super KdV equations. These are shown to generalize solutions derived previously. By using the mKdV/sinh-Gordon hierarchy properties we generate the solutions of the N=2 super sinh-Gordon as well.
The diagonal matrix elements $\langleθ_1,θ_2|T_{2n}T_{-2n}|θ_1,θ_2\rangle$ between two-particle states in the sinh-Gordon model are computed analytically for all integers $n>0$. This confirms the proposal by F. Smirnov and A. Zamolodchikov for these matrix elements and demonstrates effectiveness of the algebraic approach to form factors.
In this paper we derive the type-II integrable defect for the N = 2 supersymmetric sinh-Gordon (sshG) model by using the fusing procedure. In particular, we show explicitly the conservation of the modified energy, momentum and supercharges.
A new super-Backlund transformation for the N=1 supersymmetric sinh-Gordon equation is constructed. Based on this construction we propose a type-II integrable defect for the supersymmetric sinh-Gordon model consistent with this new transformation through the Lagrangian formalism. Explicit expressions for the modified conserved energy, momentum and supercharges are also computed. In addition, we show for the model that the type-II defect can also been regarded as a pair of fused defects of a previously introduced type. The explicit derivation of the associated defect matrices is also presented …
We study form factors of the quantum complex sinh-Gordon theory in the algebraic approach. In the case of exponential fields the form factors can be obtained from the known form factors of the $Z_N$-symmetric Ising model. The algebraic construction also provides an Ansatz for form factors of descendant operators. We obtain generating functions of such form factors and establish their main properties: the cluster factorization and reflection equations.
The introduction of defects is discussed under the Lagrangian formalism and Backlund transformations for the N=1 super sinh-Gordon model. Modified conserved momentum and energy are constructed for this case. Some explicit examples of different Backlund solitons solutions are discussed. The Lax formulation within the space split by the defect leads to the integrability of the model and henceforth to the existence of an infinite number of constants of motion
We review the construction of the fermionic basis for sinh-Gordon model and investigate numerically the ultra-violet limit of the one-point functions. We then compare the predictions obtained from this formalism against previously established results.
We study the space of local operators in the sinh-Gordon model in the framework of the bootstrap form factor approach. Our final goal is to identify the operators obtained by solving bootstrap equations with those defined in terms of the Lagrangian field. Here we try to identify operators at some very particular points, where the phenomenon of operator resonance takes place. The operator resonance phenomenon being perturbative, nevertheless, results in exact identities between some local operators. By applying an algebraic approach developed earlier for form factors we derive an infinite set o…
We construct the generalised Eigenfunctions of the entries of the monodromy matrix of the $N$-site modular XXZ magnet and show, in each case, that these form a complete orthogonal system in $L^2(\mathbb{R}^N)$. In particular, we develop a new and simple technique, allowing one to prove the completeness of such systems. As a corollary of out analysis, we prove the Bystko-Teschner conjecture relative to the structure of the spectrum of the $\boldsymbol{ \texttt{B} }(\la)$-operator for the odd length lattice Sinh-Gordon model.
We examine the N=1 super sinh-Gordon (SShG) model restricted into the half line through a reduction from the defect SShG model. The Bäcklund transformations are employed to generate one-, two- and three-soliton solutions as well as a class of breathers solution for this model. The parameters of such classical solutions are shown to satisfy some contraints in order to preserve both integrability and supersymmetry properties of the original bulk theory. Additionally, previous results are recovered when performing the purely bosonic limit.
We consider the quantum sinh-Gordon model in this paper. Using known formulae for form factors we sum up all their contributions and obtain a closed expression for a correlation function. This expression is a determinant of an integral operator. Similar determinant representations were proven to be useful not only in the theory of correlation functions, but also in the matrix models.
Using the fermionic basis we conjecture exact expressions for diagonal finite volume matrix elements of exponential operators and their descendants in the sinh-Gordon theory. Our expressions sum up the LeClair-Mussardo type infinite series generalized by Pozsgay for excited state expectation values. We checked our formulae against the Liouville three-point functions for small, while against Pozsgay's expansion for large volumes and found complete agreement.
We study quasilocal operators in the quantum complex sinh-Gordon theory in the form factor approach. The free field procedure for descendant operators is developed by introducing the algebra of screening currents and related algebraic objects. We work out null vector equations in the space of operators. Further we apply the proposed algebraic structures to constructing form factors of the conserved currents $T_k$ and $Θ_k$. We propose also form factors of current-current operators of the form $T_kT_{-l}$. Explicit computations of the four-particle form factors allow us to verify the recent con…
A systematic group-theoretical analysis of the supersymmetric sinh-Gordon equation is performed. A generalization of the method of prolongations is used to determine the Lie superalgebra of symmetries, and the method of symmetry reduction is applied in order to obtain invariant solutions of the supersymmetric sinh-Gordon equation. The results are compared with those previously found for the supersymmetric sine-Gordon equation. The presence of nonstandard invariants is discussed for the supersymmetric sinh-Gordon equation, as well as for the supersymmetric Korteweg-de Vries equation.
The reverse space-time (RST) Sine-Gordon, Sinh-Gordon and nonlinear Schrödinger equations were recently introduced and shown to be integrable infinite-dimensional dynamical systems. The inverse scattering transform (IST) for rapidly decaying data was also constructed. In this paper, IST for these equations with nonzero boundary conditions (NZBCs) at infinity is presented. The NZBC problem is more complicated due to the associated branching structure of the associated linear eigenfunctions. With constant amplitude at infinity, four cases are analyzed; they correspond to two different signs of n…
The permutability of two Backlund transformations is employed to construct a non linear superposition formula to generate a class of solutions for the N=1 super sinh-Gordon model.
It is shown that both the sinh--Gordon equation and the elliptic Tzitzeica equation can be interpreted as the Taubes equation for Abelian vortices on a CMC surface embedded in $\R^{2, 1}$, or on a surface conformally related to a hyperbolic affine sphere in $\R^3$. In both cases the Higgs field and the U(1) vortex connection are constructed directly from the Riemannian data of the surface corresponding to the sinh--Gordon or the Tzitzeica equation. Radially symmetric solutions lead to vortices with a topological charge equal to one, and the connection formulae for the resulting third Painlevé …
Sklyanin's method of separation of variables is employed in a calculation of finite temperature expectation values. An essential element of the approach is Baxter's $Q$-function. We propose its explicit form corresponding to the ground state of the sinh-Gordon theory. With the method of separation of variables we calculate the finite temperature expectation values of the exponential fields to one-loop order of the semi-classical expansion.
We continue the study of form factors of descendant operators in the sinh- and sine-Gordon models in the framework of the algebraic construction proposed in [arXiv:0812.4776]. We find the algebraic construction to be related to a particular limit of the tensor product of the deformed Virasoro algebra and a suitably chosen Heisenberg algebra. To analyze the space of local operators in the framework of the form factor formalism we introduce screening operators and construct singular and cosingular vectors in the Fock spaces related to the free field realization of the obtained algebra. We show t…
We analyze the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) for various integrable S-matrices in the context of generalized $T\bar T$ deformations. We focus on the sinh-Gordon model and its elliptic deformation in both its fermionic and bosonic realizations. We confirm that the determining factor for a turning point in the TBA, interpreted as a finite Hagedorn temperature, is the difference between the number of bound states and resonances in the theory. Implementing the numerical pseudo-arclength continuation method, we are able to follow the solutions to the TBA equations past the turning point all the …
We study the Abelian Higgs vortex solutions to the sinh-Gordon equation and the elliptic Tzitzeica equation. Starting from these particular vortices, we construct solutions to the Taubes equation with higher vortex number, on surfaces with conical singularities. We then, analyse more general properties of vortices on such singular surfaces and propose a method to obtain vortices on conifolds from vortices on surfaces of revolution. We apply our method to construct explicit vortex solutions on the Poincaré disk with a conical singularity in the centre, to which we refer as the "hyperbolic cone"…
We study to unify soliton systems, KdV/mKdV/sinh-Gordon, through SO(2,1) $\cong$ GL(2,$\mathbb R$) $\cong$ Möbius group point of view, which might be a keystone to exactly solve some special non-linear differential equations. If we construct the $N$-soliton solutions through the KdV type Bäcklund transformation, we can transform different KdV/mKdV/sinh-Gordon equations and the Bäcklund transformations of the standard form into the same common Hirota form and the same common Bäcklund transformation except the equation which has the time-derivative term. The difference is only the time-dependenc…
The notion of operator resonances was introduced earlier by Al. Zamolodchikov within the framework of the conformal perturbation theory. The resonances are related to logarithmic divergences of integrals in the perturbation expansion, and manifest themselves in poles of the correlation functions and form factors of local operators considered as functions of conformal dimensions. The residues of the poles can be computed by means of some operator identities. Here we study the resonances in the Liouville, sinh- and sine-Gordon models, considered as perturbations of a massless free boson. We show…
We study a family of classical solutions of modified sinh-Gordon equation, $\partial_z\partial_{\bar z} η-\re^{2η}+p(z)\,p({\bar z})\ \re^{-2η}=0$ with $p(z)=z^{2α}-s^{2α}$. We show that certain connection coefficients for solutions of the associated linear problem coincide with the $Q$-function of the quantum sine-Gordon $(α>0)$ or sinh-Gordon $(α<-1)$ models.
Using generalized hydrodynamics (GHD), we develop the Euler hydrodynamics of classical integrable field theory. Classical field GHD is based on a known formalism for Gibbs ensembles of classical fields, that resembles the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz of quantum models, which we extend to generalized Gibbs ensembles (GGEs). In general, GHD must take into account both solitonic and radiative modes of classical fields. We observe that the quasi-particle formulation of GHD remains valid for radiative modes, even though these do not display particle-like properties in their precise dynamics. We point…
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University（纽约大学库朗数学科学研究所）；Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Bonn（波恩大学应用数学研究所）；Universität Wien（维也纳大学）；Weizmann Institute（魏茨曼科学研究所）
Form factors of composite branch-point twist operators in the sinh-Gordon model on a multi-sheeted Riemann surface: semiclassical limit
Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics（朗道理论物理研究所）；Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems（哈尔凯维奇信息传输问题研究所）；Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana（卢布尔雅那大学数学与物理学院物理系）
The S-matrix of the well-studied sinh-Gordon model possesses a remarkable strong/weak coupling duality $b \to 1/b$. Since there is no understanding nor evidence for such a duality based on the quantum action of the model, it should be questioned whether the properties of the model for $b>1$ are simply obtained by analytic continuation of the weak coupling regime $0<b<1$. In this article we assert that the answer is no, and we develop a concrete and specific proposal for the properties when $b>1$. Namely, we propose that in this region one needs to introduce a background charge $Q_\infty = b + …
We derive exact formulas for the expectation value of local observables in a one-dimensional gas of bosons with point-wise repulsive interactions (Lieb-Liniger model). Starting from a recently conjectured expression for the expectation value of vertex operators in the sinh-Gordon field theory, we derive explicit analytic expressions for the one-point $K$-body correlation functions $\langle (Ψ^\dagger)^K(Ψ)^K\rangle$ in the Lieb-Liniger gas, for arbitrary integer $K$. These are valid for all excited states in the thermodynamic limit, including thermal states, generalized Gibbs ensembles and non…
We consider the double sinh-Gordon potential which is a quasi-exactly solvable problem and show that in this case one has two sets of Bender-Dunne orthogonal polynomials . We study in some detail the various properties of these polynomials and the corresponding quotient polynomials. In particular, we show that the weight functions for these polynomials are not always positive. We also study the orthogonal polynomials of the double sine-Gordon potential which is related to the double sinh-Gordon case by an anti-isospectral transformation. Finally we discover a new quasi-exactly solvable problem…
The spectral curve associated with the sinh-Gordon equation on the torus is defined interms of the spectrum of the Lax operator appearing in the Lax pair formulation of the equation. If thespectrum is simple, it is an open Riemann surface of infinite genus. In this paper we construct normalizeddifferentials and derive estimates for the location of their zeroes.
We establish a correspondence between an infinite set of special solutions of the (classical) modified sinh-Gordon equation and a set of stationary states in the finite-volume Hilbert space of the integrable 2D QFT invented by V.A. Fateev. The modified sinh-Gordon equation arise in this case as a zero-curvature condition for a class of multivalued connections of the punctured Riemann sphere, similarly to Hitchin's self-duality equations. The proposed correspondence between the classical and quantum integrable systems provides a powerful tool for deriving functional and integral equations which…
A method for describing the quantum kink states in the semi-classical limit of several (1+1)-dimensional field theoretical models is developed. We use the generalized zeta function regularization method to compute the one-loop quantum correction to the masses of the kink in the sine-Gordon and cubic sinh-Gordon models and another two ${\rm P}(ϕ)_2$ systems with polynomial self-interactions.
The sine-Gordon model on the half-line with a dynamical boundary introduced by Delius and one of the authors is considered at quantum level. Classical boundary conditions associated with classical integrability are shown to be preserved at quantum level too. Non-local conserved charges are constructed explicitly in terms of the field and boundary operators. We solve the intertwining equation associated with a certain coideal subalgebra of $U_q(\hat{sl_2})$ generated by these non-local charges. The corresponding solution is shown to satisfy quantum boundary Yang-Baxter equations. Up to an exact…
In the present work a general frame for the scattering theory of local, relativistic dipole quantum fields is presented and some models of interacting dipole fields are considered, i.e. local, relativistic quantum fields with indefinite metric which asymptotically do not converge to free fields, but to free dipole fields. Also, we give explicit formulae for the (nontrivial) scattering matrix of dipole in- and out- fields for these models. Furthermore we show how related dipole degrees of freedom occur in the perturbation theory of certain two dimensional models, e.g. massive sine-Gordon or sin…
Employing a transformation to hyperbolic space, we derive in a simple way exact solutions for the Klein-Gordon equation in an infinite square-well potential with one boundary moving at constant velocity, for the massless as well as for the massive case.
We provide explicit formulas for the Green function of an elliptic PDE in the infinite strip and the half-plane. They are expressed in elementary and special functions. Proofs of uniqueness and existence are also given.
Traditionally, Double Sine-Gordon Equation (DSGE) is seen as a nonintegrable equation. That means we cannot find general solutions in asymmetry DSGE. In this paper, we develop analytical method to solve this equation by Mobius transformation. And finally, this can reduce the problem to find roots of polynomial of four degree in one element. We have known this can be solved by square formally because its degree less than five. Although complexity as a solution, but in this sense, we can say we formally solve this nonintegrable equation.
