半完全复合图中的王与核
Kings and Kernels in Semicomplete Compositions
AI总结:
本文研究了半完全复合图中的王与核问题,刻画了具有k-king的有向图复合,并证明了限制在半完全复合图上的k-Kernel问题在不同条件下的NP完全性与多项式时间可解性。
摘要:
设 $k$ 为大于等于 2 的整数。有向图 $D$ 中的 $k$-king 是指能够通过长度至多为 $k$ 的有向路径到达所有其他顶点的顶点,而非 king 是指不是 3-king 的顶点。子集 $K$ 是 $k$-independent 的,如果对于 $K$ 中的任意一对顶点 $x, y$,都有 $d_D(x, y), d_D(y, x) \geq k$;它是 $\ell$-absorbent 的,如果对于 $V(D) \setminus K$ 中的每个顶点 $x$,存在 $y \in K$ 使得 $d_D(x, y) \leq \ell$。$D$ 的 $k$-kernel 是 $V(D)$ 的一个 $k$-independent 且 $(k-1)$-absorbent 的子集。kernel 即为 2-kernel。集合 $K \subseteq V(D)$ 是 $D$ 的 quasi-kernel,如果它是 independent 的,且对于 $V(D) \setminus K$ 中的每个顶点 $x$,存在 $y \in K$ 使得 $d_D(x, y) \leq 2$。问题 {\sc $k$-Kernel} 是判断给定的有向图是否具有 $k$-kernel。\n设 $Q=T[H_1, \dots, H_t]$ 为 $T$ 和 $H_i$($1\leq i\leq t, t\ge 2$)的复合,其中 $T$ 是具有 $t$ 个顶点的有向图,$H_1, \dots, H_t$ 是两两不相交的有向图。如果 $T$ 是 semicomplete 的,则复合 $Q=T[H_1, \dots, H_t]$ 是 semicomplete composition。本文研究 semicomplete compositions 中的 kings 和 kernels。\n关于 kings 主题,我们分别刻画了具有 $k$-king 的有向图复合以及所有顶点均为 $k$-kings 的有向图复合。我们还讨论了 3-kings 的存在性,并研究了 strong semicomplete composition 中 4-kings 的最小数量。\n关于 kernels 主题,我们首先研究 semicomplete compositions 中一对不相交 quasi-kernels 的存在性。然后推导出限制在 strong semicomplete compositions 上的问题 {\sc $k$-Kernel} 在 $k\in \{2,3\}$ 时是 NP-complete 的,在 $k\geq 4$ 时是多项式时间可解的。我们还证明了当 $k$ 可被 2 或 3 整除时,限制在 non-strong semicomplete compositions 上的问题 {\sc $k$-Kernel} 是 NP-complete 的。
英文摘要:
Let $k$ be an integer with $k\geq 2$. A $k$-king in a digraph $D$ is a vertex which can reach every other vertex by a directed path of length at most $k$ and a non-king is a vertex which is not a 3-king. A subset $K$ is $k$-independent if for every pair of vertices $x,y \in K$, we have $d_D(x, y), d_D(y, x)\geq k$; it is $\ell$-absorbent if for every $x\in V(D)\setminus K$ there exists $y\in K$ such that $d_D(x, y)\leq \ell$. A $k$-kernel of $D$ is a $k$-independent and $(k-1)$-absorbent subset of $V(D)$. A kernel is a 2-kernel. A set $K\subseteq V(D)$ is a quasi-kernel of $D$ if it is independent, and for every vertex $x\in V(D)\setminus K$, there exists $y\in K$ such that $d_D(x, y)\leq 2$. The problem {\sc $k$-Kernel} is determining whether a given digraph has a $k$-kernel. Let $Q=T[H_1, \dots, H_t]$ be the composition of $T$ and $H_i$ ($1\leq i\leq t, t\ge 2$), where $T$ is a digraph with $t$ vertices, and $H_1, \dots, H_t$ are pairwise disjoint digraphs. The composition $Q=T[H_1, \dots, H_t]$ is a semicomplete composition if $T$ is semicomplete. In this paper, we study kings and kernels in semicomplete compositions. For the topic of kings, we characterize digraph compositions with a $k$-king and digraph compositions all of whose vertices are $k$-kings, respectively. We also discuss the existence of 3-kings, and study the minimum number of 4-kings in a strong semicomplete composition. For the topic of kernels, we first study the existence of a pair of disjoint quasi-kernels in semicomplete compositions. We then deduce that the problem {\sc $k$-Kernel} restricted to strong semicomplete compositions is NP-complete when $k\in \{2,3\}$, and is polynomial-time solvable when $k\geq 4$. We also prove that when $k$ is divisible by 2 or 3, the problem {\sc $k$-Kernel} restricted to non-strong semicomplete compositions is NP-complete.
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