This paper introduces X-SHAP, a model-agnostic method that assesses multiplicative contributions of variables for both local and global predictions. This method theoretically and operationally extends the so-called additive SHAP approach. It proves useful underlying multiplicative interactions of factors, typically arising in sectors where Generalized Linear Models are traditionally used, such as in insurance or biology. We test the method on various datasets and propose a set of techniques based on individual X-SHAP contributions to build aggregated multiplicative contributions and to capture multiplicative feature importance, that we compare to traditional techniques.
Explaining AI systems is fundamental both to the development of high performing models and to the trust placed in them by their users. The Shapley framework for explainability has strength in its general applicability combined with its precise, rigorous foundation: it provides a common, model-agnostic language for AI explainability and uniquely satisfies a set of intuitive mathematical axioms. However, Shapley values are too restrictive in one significant regard: they ignore all causal structure in the data. We introduce a less restrictive framework, Asymmetric Shapley values (ASVs), which are…
We introduce a new Shapley value approach for global sensitivity analysis and machine learning explainability. The method is based on the first-order partial derivatives of the underlying function. The computational complexity of the method is linear in dimension (number of features), as opposed to the exponential complexity of other Shapley value approaches in the literature. Examples from global sensitivity analysis and machine learning are used to compare the method numerically with activity scores, SHAP, and KernelSHAP.
Interpretable AI（可解释人工智能机构）；Cambridge, MA 02142（剑桥，马萨诸塞州 02142）
A common approach for feature selection is to examine the variable importance scores for a machine learning model, as a way to understand which features are the most relevant for making predictions. Given the significance of feature selection, it is crucial for the calculated importance scores to reflect reality. Falsely overestimating the importance of irrelevant features can lead to false discoveries, while underestimating importance of relevant features may lead us to discard important features, resulting in poor model performance. Additionally, black-box models like XGBoost provide state-o…
State-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNNs) are highly effective in solving many complex real-world problems. However, these models are vulnerable to adversarial perturbation attacks, and despite the plethora of research in this domain, to this day, adversaries still have the upper hand in the cat and mouse game of adversarial example generation methods vs. detection and prevention methods. In this research, we present a novel detection method that uses Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) values computed for the internal layers of a DNN classifier to discriminate between normal and adversari…
Aalto University（阿尔托大学）；KTH Royal Institute of Technology（瑞典皇家理工学院）；Umeå University（于默奥大学）
Machine learning-based systems are rapidly gaining popularity and in-line with that there has been a huge research surge in the field of explainability to ensure that machine learning models are reliable, fair, and can be held liable for their decision-making process. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods are typically deployed to debug black-box machine learning models but in comparison to tabular, text, and image data, explainability in time series is still relatively unexplored. The aim of this study was to achieve and evaluate model agnostic explainability in a time series fore…
Utilizing Large Language Models for Machine Learning Explainability
Centre for Research \& Technology, Hellas School of Architecture Technology；Engineering, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom University of Nicosia, 2417 Cyprus
As the decisions made or influenced by machine learning models increasingly impact our lives, it is crucial to detect, understand, and mitigate unfairness. But even simply determining what "unfairness" should mean in a given context is non-trivial: there are many competing definitions, and choosing between them often requires a deep understanding of the underlying task. It is thus tempting to use model explainability to gain insights into model fairness, however existing explainability tools do not reliably indicate whether a model is indeed fair. In this work we present a new approach to expl…
Explainability for Fault Detection System in Chemical Processes
Department of Information and Electronic Engineering, International Hellenic University, Greece（信息与电子工程系，国际希腊大学）；Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, International Hellenic University, Greece（工业工程与管理系，国际希腊大学）；Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece（能源资源研究所，希腊研究中心与技术中心）
A trustworthy machine learning model should be accurate as well as explainable. Understanding why a model makes a certain decision defines the notion of explainability. While various flavors of explainability have been well-studied in supervised learning paradigms like classification and regression, literature on explainability for time series forecasting is relatively scarce. In this paper, we propose a feature-based explainability algorithm, TsSHAP, that can explain the forecast of any black-box forecasting model. The method is agnostic of the forecasting model and can provide explanations f…
University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；Waterloo Artificial Intelligence Institute（滑铁卢人工智能研究所）；DarwinAI Corp.（达尔文人工智能公司）
There has been a significant surge of interest recently around the concept of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), where the goal is to produce an interpretation for a decision made by a machine learning algorithm. Of particular interest is the interpretation of how deep neural networks make decisions, given the complexity and `black box' nature of such networks. Given the infancy of the field, there has been very limited exploration into the assessment of the performance of explainability methods, with most evaluations centered around subjective visual interpretation of the produced int…
The University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；The University of Wisconsin（威斯康星大学）；Ford Motor Company（福特汽车公司）
Research indicates that monotonous automated driving increases the incidence of fatigued driving. Although many prediction models based on advanced machine learning techniques were proposed to monitor driver fatigue, especially in manual driving, little is known about how these black-box machine learning models work. In this paper, we proposed a combination of eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) to predict driver fatigue with explanations due to their efficiency and accuracy. First, in order to obtain the ground truth of driver fatigue, PERCLOS (percent…
As machine learning models grow more complex and their applications become more high-stakes, tools for explaining model predictions have become increasingly important. This has spurred a flurry of research in model explainability and has given rise to feature attribution methods such as LIME and SHAP. Despite their widespread use, evaluating and comparing different feature attribution methods remains challenging: evaluations ideally require human studies, and empirical evaluation metrics are often data-intensive or computationally prohibitive on real-world datasets. In this work, we address th…
Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma（俄克拉荷马大学强天气与高影响天气合作研究所）；University of Oklahoma（俄克拉荷马大学）；NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory（美国国家海洋和大气管理局/海洋与大气研究办公室/国家强风暴实验室）；Verisk Analytics Incorporated（Verisk分析公司）；NSF AI Institute for Research on Trustworthy AI in Weather, Climate, and Coastal Oceanography（美国国家科学基金会天气、气候与沿海海洋学可信人工智能研究人工智能研究所）
Machine learning (ML) models are becoming increasingly common in the atmospheric science community with a wide range of applications. To enable users to understand what an ML model has learned, ML explainability has become a field of active research. In Part I of this two-part study, we described several explainability methods and demonstrated that feature rankings from different methods can substantially disagree with each other. It is unclear, though, whether the disagreement is overinflated due to some methods being less faithful in assigning importance. Herein, "faithfulness" or "fidelity"…
Towards Explainable Federated Learning: Understanding the Impact of Differential Privacy
1 Institute of Exact；Natural Sciences, Federal University of Par\'a, Brazil；Resource Optimization in Networks -- PROTON Lab School of Electrical, Computer；Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA；3 Faculty of Mathematics \& Science, Brock University, Canada
SMT-EX: An Explainable Surrogate Modeling Toolbox for Mixed-Variables Design Exploration
AwanTunai（阿旺图奈）；ONERA（法国航空航天研究院）；Université de Toulouse（图卢兹大学）；Bandung Institute of Technology（万隆理工学院）；ISAE-SUPAERO（法国高等航空航天学院）；MINES ALBI（阿尔比矿业学院）；INSA（法国国立应用科学学院）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）
REX: Causal discovery based on machine learning and explainability techniques
BBVA Madrid, Spain（西班牙BBVA马德里）；Instituto de Ciencia de Datos e Inteligencia Artificil (DATAI)（数据与人工智能研究所）；University of Navarra（纳瓦拉大学）；Tecnun, University of Navarra（纳瓦拉大学技术学院）
Explaining AutoClustering: Uncovering Meta-Feature Contribution in AutoML for Clustering
Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Geosciences（数学、计算机科学与地质科学系）；University of Trieste（特里este大学）；Division of Computer Science（计算机科学 division）；Aeronautics Institute of Technology（航空技术研究所）
Detecting Anomalies in Blockchain Transactions using Machine Learning Classifiers and Explainability Analysis
Premier University（总理大学）；United International University（联合国际大学）；Cyber Security Cooperative Research Centre（网络安全合作研究中心）；Edith Cowan University（埃迪斯科文大学）
Explainability of CNN Based Classification Models for Acoustic Signal
Department of Computer Science, Missouri State University（计算机科学系，密苏里州立大学）；Department of Biology, Missouri State University（生物学系，密苏里州立大学）；Biodiversity Research Institute（生物多样性研究学院）
