轻水反应堆的$^{37}$ Ar排放是否会成为其用于核爆炸监测的障碍？
Will $^{37}$Ar emissions from light water power reactors become an obstacle to its use for nuclear explosion monitoring?
摘要：
$^{37}$ Ar是补充放射性氙同位素作为地下核爆炸指示剂的有希望的候选者。这项研究评估了其潜在的人为背景所造成的商业压水反应堆的排放。各种$^{37}$ Ar的生产途径，这是从激活$^{36}$ Ar和$^{40}$ Ca，分别导致，被确定和它们的排放量量化。堆芯过程包括：（1）在维修和换料停堆后，重新启动运行并对一次冷却水进行脱气;（2）更换一次冷却水以限制其氚浓度;（3）燃料棒故障后，由UO $_{2}$中的钙杂质产生的$^{37}$ Ar泄漏。生物防护层内的空气和混凝土中的钙的活化是主要的堆芯外生产途径。而从核心过程的排放是短暂的，一个相当恒定的$^{37}$ Ar源项的结果，从它的核心外生产。通用的大气扩散模拟表明，已经在中等距离的发射器，常规反应堆操作所造成的$^{37}$ Ar的浓度远远低于其宇宙背景在空气中。唯一的例外情况是，在一次冷却水脱气系统长时间未运行的情况下，意外重新启动反应堆。这种事件还导致$^{41}$ Ar的高发射，其可用于将其$^{37}$ Ar信号与地下核爆炸区分开。
英文摘要：
$^{37}$Ar is a promising candidate for complementing radioxenon isotopes as indicators of underground nuclear explosions. This study evaluates its potential anthropogenic background caused by emissions from commercial pressurised water reactors. Various $^{37}$Ar production pathways, which result from activation of $^{36}$Ar and of $^{40}$Ca, respectively, are identified and their emissions quantified. In-core processes include (1) the restart of operation and degassing of the primary cooling water after maintenance and refueling shutdown, (2) the replacement of primary coolant water for limiting its tritium concentrations, and (3) the leakage of $^{37}$Ar produced from calcium impurities in UO$_{2}$ after fuel rod failures. Activation of air and of calcium in concrete within the biological shield are major out-of-core production pathways. Whereas emissions from in-core processes are transient, a rather constant $^{37}$Ar source term results from its out-of-core production. Generic atmospheric dispersion simulations indicate that already at moderate distances from the emitter, concentrations of $^{37}$Ar caused by routine reactor operations are far below its cosmogenic background in air. The only exception results from an inadvertent reactor re-start without operation of the primary cooling water degassing system for prolonged time. Such an event also causes high emissions of $^{41}$Ar which can be used for discriminating its $^{37}$Ar signal from an underground nuclear explosion.
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