CPU锁定的艺术：评估和提高虚拟化和容器化平台的性能
The Art of CPU-Pinning: Evaluating and Improving the Performance of Virtualization and Containerization Platforms
摘要：
云提供商以裸机、VM和容器的形式提供各种执行平台。然而，由于每个执行平台的优点和缺点，为特定的基于云的应用程序选择合适的平台已经成为解决方案架构师的挑战。结合这些平台的可能性（例如在虚拟机中部署容器）提供了新的能力，使挑战变得更加复杂。然而，在文献中很少有关于在各种执行平台上部署不同应用程序类型的利弊的研究。特别是，评估不同的硬件配置和不同的CPU配置方法，如CPU钉扎，还没有得到充分的研究文献。在这项工作中，针对四类现实应用程序（即视频处理、并行处理（MPI）、Web处理和No-SQL），测量和分析了容器、虚拟机和裸金属执行平台的性能开销，分别代表CPU密集型、并行处理和两个IO密集型进程。我们的分析揭示了一组有趣的，有时违反直觉的发现，可以作为解决方案架构师有效部署基于云的应用程序的最佳实践。这里有一些值得注意的地方：（A）在特定情况下，容器可以比VM施加更高的开销;（B）VM顶部的容器可以减轻某些应用程序的VM开销;（C）具有大量核心的容器比具有少数核心的容器施加更低的开销。
英文摘要：
Cloud providers offer a variety of execution platforms in form of bare-metal, VM, and containers. However, due to the pros and cons of each execution platform, choosing the appropriate platform for a specific cloud-based application has become a challenge for solution architects. The possibility to combine these platforms (e.g. deploying containers within VMs) offers new capacities that makes the challenge even further complicated. However, there is a little study in the literature on the pros and cons of deploying different application types on various execution platforms. In particular, evaluation of diverse hardware configurations and different CPU provisioning methods, such as CPU pinning, have not been sufficiently studied in the literature. In this work, the performance overhead of container, VM, and bare-metal execution platforms are measured and analyzed for four categories of real-world applications, namely video processing, parallel processing (MPI), web processing, and No-SQL, respectively representing CPU intensive, parallel processing, and two IO intensive processes. Our analyses reveal a set of interesting and sometimes counterintuitive findings that can be used as best practices by the solution architects to efficiently deploy cloud-based applications. Here are some notable mentions: (A) Under specific circumstances, containers can impose a higher overhead than VMs; (B) Containers on top of VMs can mitigate the overhead of VMs for certain applications; (C) Containers with a large number of cores impose a lower overhead than those with a few cores.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
