单细胞膜的拓扑缺陷--力学与流动
Integer topological defects of cell monolayers -- mechanics and flows
摘要：
单分子膜的各向异性细胞表现出长程取向秩序和拓扑缺陷。在生物体的发育过程中，取向顺序往往影响形态发生事件。然而，细胞单层的力学和拓扑缺陷之间的联系仍然在很大程度上未被探索。这特别适用于与组织形态发生相关的时间尺度。在这里，我们建立在物理学的液晶，以确定材料参数的细胞单层。特别是，我们使用一个积极的极性流体的流体动力学描述研究在整数拓扑缺陷的稳态力学模式。我们的描述包括三个不同的活动来源：牵引力占细胞-基质相互作用，以及各向异性和各向同性的积极的生物应力占细胞-细胞相互作用。我们将我们的方法应用于C2 C12细胞单层在小的圆形限制，形成孤立的星状或螺旋拓扑缺陷。通过分析螺旋结构中的速度场和取向序场以及星形结构中的力场和细胞数密度场，确定了C2 C12细胞单层的力学参数。我们的工作表明，拓扑缺陷可以用来充分表征生物活性物质的机械性能。
英文摘要：
Monolayers of anisotropic cells exhibit long-ranged orientational order and topological defects. During the development of organisms, orientational order often influences morphogenetic events. However, the linkage between the mechanics of cell monolayers and topological defects remains largely unexplored. This holds specifically at the time scales relevant for tissue morphogenesis. Here, we build on the physics of liquid crystals to determine material parameters of cell monolayers. In particular, we use a hydrodynamical description of an active polar fluid to study the steady-state mechanical patterns at integer topological defects. Our description includes three distinct sources of activity: traction forces accounting for cell-substrate interactions as well as anisotropic and isotropic active nematic stresses accounting for cell-cell interactions. We apply our approach to C2C12 cell monolayers in small circular confinements, which form isolated aster or spiral topological defects. By analyzing the velocity and orientational order fields in spirals as well as the forces and cell number density fields in asters, we determine mechanical parameters of C2C12 cell monolayers. Our work shows how topological defects can be used to fully characterize the mechanical properties of biological active matter.
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