Fabien Le Floc'h
We present an alternative formula to price European options through cosine series expansions, under models with a known characteristic function such as the Heston stochastic volatility model. It is more robust across strikes and as fast as the original COS method.
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European Option Pricing in Regime Switching Framework via Physics-Informed Residual Learning
本文提出基于物理信息残差学习（PIRL）的欧式期权定价方法，解决无解析解的机制切换框架下的定价难题，无需重新训练且训练后可瞬时定价，为广泛参数范围提供高效灵活的定价工具。
In this article, a compact finite difference method is proposed for pricing European and American options under jump-diffusion models. Partial integro-differential equation and linear complementary problem governing European and American options respectively are discretized using Crank-Nicolson Leap-Frog scheme. In proposed compact finite difference method, the second derivative is approximated by the value of unknowns and their first derivative approximations which allow us to obtain a tri-diagonal system of linear equations for the fully discrete problem. Further, consistency and stability f…
The COS method proposed in Fang and Oosterlee (2008), although highly efficient, may lack robustness for a number of cases. In this paper, we present a Stable pricing of call options based on Fourier cosine series expansion. The Stability of the pricing methods is demonstrated by error analysis, as well as by a series of numerical examples, including the Heston stochastic volatility model, Kou jump-diffusion model, and CGMY model.
When the underlying asset displays oscillations, spikes or heavy-tailed distributions, the lognormal diffusion process (for which Black and Scholes developed their momentous option pricing formula) is inadequate: in order to overcome these real world difficulties many models have been developed. Merton proposed a jump-diffusion model, where the dynamics of the price of the underlying are subject to variations due to a Brownian process and also to possible jumps, driven by a compound Poisson process. Merton's model admits a series solution for the European option price, and there have been a lo…
On the number of terms in the COS method for European option pricing
本文针对欧式期权定价的COS方法，在密度光滑条件下给出了定价及Delta、Gamma所需项数N的显式界，并证明光滑指数衰减密度下方法具有指数阶收敛性，而重尾情形下则不具备，数值实验验证了理论结论。
Fast and explicit European option pricing under tempered stable processes
该研究针对修正稳定过程驱动的指数莱维模型，提出欧式期权定价的级数展开方法，无需精细选择超参数，数值表现可与先进方法媲美。
European options can be priced by solving parabolic partial(-integro) differential equations under stochastic volatility and jump-diffusion models like Heston, Merton, and Bates models. American option prices can be obtained by solving linear complementary problems (LCPs) with the same operators. A finite difference discretization leads to a so-called full order model (FOM). Reduced order models (ROMs) are derived employing proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The early exercise constraint of American options is enforced by a penalty on subset of grid points. The presented numerical experime…
We study the pricing and hedging of European spread options on correlated assets when, in contrast to the standard framework and consistent with imperfect liquidity markets, the trading in the stock market has a direct impact on stocks prices. We consider a partial-impact and a full-impact model in which the price impact is caused by every trading strategy in the market. The generalized Black-Scholes pricing partial differential equations (PDEs) are obtained and analysed. We perform a numerical analysis to exhibit the illiquidity effect on the replication strategy of the European spread option…
In this paper, we propose an iterative splitting method to solve the partial differential equations in option pricing problems. We focus on the Heston stochastic volatility model and the derived two-dimensional partial differential equation (PDE). We take the European option as an example and conduct numerical experiments using different boundary conditions. The iterative splitting method transforms the two-dimensional equation into two quasi one-dimensional equations with the variable on the other dimension fixed, which helps to lower the computational cost. Numerical results show that the it…
This paper deals with pricing of European and American options, when the underlying asset price follows Heston model, via the interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (dGFEM). The advantages of dGFEM space discretization with Rannacher smoothing as time integrator with nonsmooth initial and boundary conditions are illustrated for European vanilla options, digital call and American put options. The convection dominated Heston model for vanishing volatility is efficiently solved utilizing the adaptive dGFEM. For fast solution of the linear complementary problem of the Americ…
We consider option pricing using a discrete-time Markov switching stochastic volatility with co-jump model, which can model volatility clustering and varying mean-reversion speeds of volatility. For pricing European options, we develop a computationally efficient method for obtaining the probability distribution of average integrated variance (AIV), which is key to option pricing under stochastic-volatility-type models. Building upon the efficiency of the European option pricing approach, we are able to price an American-style option, by converting its pricing into the pricing of a portfolio o…
We propose an efficient lattice procedure which permits to obtain European and American option prices under the Black and Scholes model for digital options with barrier features. Numerical results show the accuracy of the proposed method.
This paper considers the valuation of a European call option under the Heston stochastic volatility model. We present the asymptotic solution to the option pricing problem in powers of the volatility of variance. Then we introduce the artificial boundary method for solving the problem on a truncated domain, and derive several artificial boundary conditions (ABCs) on the artificial boundary of the bounded computational domain. A typical finite difference scheme and quadrature rule are used for the numerical solution of the reduced problem. Numerical experiments show that the proposed ABCs are a…
There is no exact closed form formula for pricing of European options with discrete cash dividends under the model where the underlying asset price follows a piecewise lognormal process with jumps at dividend ex-dates. This paper presents alternative expansions based on the technique of Etore and Gobet, leading to more robust first, second and third-order expansions across the range of strikes and the range of dividend dates.
The incorporation of a dividend yield in the classical option pricing model of Black- Scholes results in a minor modification of the Black-Scholes formula, since the lognormal dynamic of the underlying asset is preserved. However, market makers prefer to work with cash dividends with fixed value instead of a dividend yield. Since there is no closed-form solution for the price of a European Call in this case, many methods have been proposed in the literature to approximate it. Here, we present a new approach. We derive an exact analytic formula for the sensitivity to dividends of an European op…
Hedging and Pricing European-type, Early-Exercise and Discrete Barrier Options using Algorithm for the Convolution of Legendre Series
本文基于Legendre级数卷积算法（CONLeg方法）对在Levy过程中欧洲型、提前执行和离散监控障碍期权的定价与对冲进行了研究，提出了一种无需求积的金融建模方法，并展示了该方法在平值和深虚值期权以及长短期到期的期权定价与对冲中的高精度性能。
Using classical Taylor series techniques, we develop a unified approach to pricing and implied volatility for European-style options in a general local-stochastic volatility setting. Our price approximations require only a normal CDF and our implied volatility approximations are fully explicit (ie, they require no special functions, no infinite series and no numerical integration). As such, approximate prices can be computed as efficiently as Black-Scholes prices, and approximate implied volatilities can be computed nearly instantaneously.
Constrained deep learning for pricing and hedging european options in incomplete markets
本文提出约束深度学习方法，用于在不完全市场中处理欧洲期权的定价与对冲，通过约束架构解决非光滑支付问题，提升P&L分布性能。
We apply a new numerical method, the singular Fourier-Padé (SFP) method invented by Driscoll and Fornberg (2001, 2011), to price European-type options in Lévy and affine processes. The motivation behind this application is to reduce the inefficiency of current Fourier techniques when they are used to approximate piecewise continuous (non-smooth) probability density functions. When techniques such as fast Fourier transforms and Fourier series are applied to price and hedge options with non-smooth probability density functions, they cause the Gibbs phenomenon, accordingly, the techniques converg…
The Fourier cosine expansion (COS) method is used for pricing European options numerically very fast. To apply the COS method, a truncation range for the density of the log-returns need to be provided. Using Markov's inequality, we derive a new formula to obtain the truncation range and prove that the range is large enough to ensure convergence of the COS method within a predefined error tolerance. We also show by several examples that the classical approach to determine the truncation range by cumulants may lead to serious mispricing. Usually, the computational time of the COS method is of si…
In this work, the Fourier-cosine series (COS) method has been combined with the Boundary Element Method (BEM) for a fast evaluation of barrier option prices. After a description of its use in the Black and Scholes (BS) model, the focus of the paper is on the application of the proposed methodology to the barrier option evaluation in the Heston model, where its contribution is fundamental to improve computational efficiency and to make BEM appealing among Finance practitioners as a valid alternative to Monte Carlo (MC) or other more traditional approaches. An error analysis is provided on the n…
In this article we consider affine generalizations of the Merton jump diffusion model [Merton, J. Fin. Econ., 1976] and the respective pricing of European options. On the one hand, the Brownian motion part in the Merton model may be generalized to a log-Heston model, and on the other hand, the jump part may be generalized to an affine process with possibly state dependent jumps. While the characteristic function of the log-Heston component is known in closed form, the characteristic function of the second component may be unknown explicitly. For the latter component we propose an approximation…
From characteristic functions to multivariate distribution functions and European option prices by the damped COS method
本文提出damped COS方法，用于高效计算多维分布函数和欧式期权价格，通过改进传统COS方法处理高维积分问题。
This note shows that the cosine expansion based on the Vieta formula is equivalent to a discretization of the Parseval identity. We then evaluate the use of simple direct algorithms to compute the Shannon coefficients for the payoff. Finally, we explore the efficiency of a Filon quadrature instead of the Vieta formula for the coefficients related to the probability density function.
Using a Levy process we generalize formulas in Bo et al.(2010) for the Esscher transform parameters for the log-normal distribution which ensure the martingale condition holds for the discounted foreign exchange rate. Using these values of the parameters we find a risk-neural measure and provide new formulas for the distribution of jumps, the mean jump size, and the Poisson process intensity with respect to to this measure. The formulas for a European call foreign exchange option are also derived. We apply these formulas to the case of the log-double exponential distribution of jumps. We provi…
The author presents alternatives to the Black-Scholes european call option pricing model by incorporating different transaction cost structures in the replicating strategy. In particular, an exponentially decreasing structure is proposed and developed.
The present article studies geometric step options in exponential Lévy markets. Our contribution is manifold and extends several aspects of the geometric step option pricing literature. First, we provide symmetry and parity relations and derive various characterizations for both European-type and American-type geometric double barrier step options. In particular, we are able to obtain a jump-diffusion disentanglement for the early exercise premium of American-type geometric double barrier step contracts and its maturity-randomized equivalent as well as to characterize the diffusion and jump co…
In this article, a three-time levels compact scheme is proposed to solve the partial integro-differential equation governing the option prices under jump-diffusion models. In the proposed compact scheme, the second derivative approximation of unknowns is approximated by the value of unknowns and their first derivative approximations which allow us to obtain a tri-diagonal system of linear equations for the fully discrete problem. Moreover, consistency and stability of the proposed compact scheme are proved. Due to the low regularity of typical initial conditions, the smoothing operator is empl…
Pricing with Passion: The Local Occupied Volatility (LOV) Model
LOV模型在Dupire局部波动率与完全路径依赖动态之间平衡，自动校准欧洲普通期权，同时灵活捕捉波动率特征或拟合其他工具。
This work addresses the problem of optimal pricing and hedging of a European option on an illiquid asset Z using two proxies: a liquid asset S and a liquid European option on another liquid asset Y. We assume that the S-hedge is dynamic while the Y-hedge is static. Using the indifference pricing approach we derive a HJB equation for the value function, and solve it analytically (in quadratures) using an asymptotic expansion around the limit of the perfect correlation between assets Y and Z. While in this paper we apply our framework to an incomplete market version of the credit-equity Merton's…
Here we develop an option pricing method based on Legendre series expansion of the density function. The key insight, relying on the close relation of the characteristic function with the series coefficients, allows to recover the density function rapidly and accurately. Based on this representation for the density function, approximations formulas for pricing European type options are derived. To obtain highly accurate result for European call option, the implementation involves integrating high degree Legendre polynomials against exponential function. Some numerical instabilities arise becau…
This paper proposes the sample path generation method for the stochastic volatility version of CGMY process. We present the Monte-Carlo method for European and American option pricing with the sample path generation and calibrate model parameters to the American style S\&P 100 index options market, using the least square regression method. Moreover, we discuss path-dependent options such as Asian and Barrier options.
We introduce a stacking version of the Monte Carlo algorithm in the context of option pricing. Introduced recently for aeronautic computations, this simple technique, in the spirit of current machine learning ideas, learns control variates by approximating Monte Carlo draws with some specified function. We describe the method from first principles and suggest appropriate fits, and show its efficiency to evaluate European and Asian Call options in constant and stochastic volatility models.
Notes on the SWIFT method based on Shannon Wavelets for Option Pricing -- Revisited
本文回顾了2023年基于Shannon小波的SWIFT期权定价方法，探讨了其潜在改进并揭示了该方法存在的具体缺陷。
We discuss two numerical methods, based on a path integral approach described in a previous paper (I), for solving the stochastic equations underlying the financial markets: the Monte Carlo approach, and the Green function deterministic numerical method. Then, we apply the latter to some specific financial problems. In particular, we consider the pricing of a European option, a zero-coupon bond, a caplet, an American option, and a Bermudan swaption.
We study the problem of optimal pricing and hedging of a European option written on an illiquid asset $Z$ using a set of proxies: a liquid asset $S$, and $N$ liquid European options $P_i$, each written on a liquid asset $Y_i, i=1,N$. We assume that the $S$-hedge is dynamic while the multi-name $Y$-hedge is static. Using the indifference pricing approach with an exponential utility, we derive a HJB equation for the value function, and build an efficient numerical algorithm. The latter is based on several changes of variables, a splitting scheme, and a set of Fast Gauss Transforms (FGT), which t…
We derived similar to Bo et al. (2010) results but in the case when the dynamics of the FX rate is driven by a general Merton jump-diffusion process. The main results of our paper are as follows: 1) formulas for the Esscher transform parameters which ensure that the martingale condition for the discounted foreign exchange rate is a martingale for a general Merton jump--diffusion process are derived; using the values of these parameters we proceeded to a risk-neural measure and provide new formulas for the distribution of jumps, the mean jump size, and the Poisson process intensity with respect…
Pricing Financial Derivatives using Radial Basis Function generated Finite Differences with Polyharmonic Splines on Smoothly Varying Node Layouts
本文研究了使用多项式谐波样条和具有平滑变化密度的节点布局开发稳健高效的径向基函数生成有限差分法（RBF-FD）方法用于定价金融衍生品，改进了RBF-FD方案，并应用于两种多维金融偏微分方程，展示了改进方法在美式期权定价中的优越性。
The Hull-White one factor model is used to price interest rate options. The parameters of the model are often calibrated to simple liquid instruments, in particular European swaptions. It is therefore very important to have very efficient pricing formula for simple instruments. Such a formula is proposed here for European swaption. Based on a very efficient corrector type approximation the approximation is efficient both in term of precision and in term of spped. In our implementation the approximation is more than ten time faster than the direct pricing formula and more than twenty time faste…
We introduce signature payoffs, a family of path-dependent derivatives that are given in terms of the signature of the price path of the underlying asset. We show that these derivatives are dense in the space of continuous payoffs, a result that is exploited to quickly price arbitrary continuous payoffs. This approach to pricing derivatives is then tested with European options, American options, Asian options, lookback options and variance swaps. As we show, signature payoffs can be used to price these derivatives with very high accuracy.
MLP, XGBoost, KAN, TDNN, and LSTM-GRU Hybrid RNN with Attention for SPX and NDX European Call Option Pricing
本研究探讨了多种神经网络架构及XGBoost在SPX和NDX欧式看涨期权定价中的表现，发现带注意力机制的LSTM-GRU混合RNN模型优于BS基准及其他模型。
This paper presents a multinomial method for option pricing when the underlying asset follows an exponential Variance Gamma process. The continuous time Variance Gamma process is approximated by a discrete time Markov chain with the same firsts four cumulants. This approach is particularly convenient for pricing American and Bermudan options, which can be exercised at any time up to expiration date. Numerical computations of European and American options are presented, and compared with results obtained with finite differences methods and with the Black Scholes model.
This paper develops a novel analytically tractable Neumann series of Bessel functions representation for pricing (and hedging) European-style double barrier knock-out options, which can be applied to the whole class of one-dimensional time-homogeneous diffusions even for the cases where the corresponding transition density is not known. The proposed numerical method is shown to be efficient and simple to implement. To illustrate the flexibility and computational power of the algorithm, we develop an extended jump to default model that is able to capture several empirical regularities commonly …
We suggest a simple reduction of pricing European options in affine jump-diffusion models to pricing options with modified payoffs in diffusion models. The procedure is based on the conjugation of the infinitesimal generator of the model with an operator of the form $e^{iΦ(-i\dd_x)}$ (gauge transformation in the dual space). A general procedure for the calculation of the function $Φ$ is given, with examples. As applications, we consider pricing in jump-diffusion models and their subordinated versions using the eigenfunction expansion technique, and estimation of the extremely rare jumps compon…
In the standard Black-Scholes-Merton framework, dividends are represented as a continuous dividend yield and the pricing of Vanilla options on a stock is achieved through the well-known Black-Scholes formula. In reality however, stocks pay a discrete fixed cash dividend at each dividend ex-date. This leads to the so-called piecewise lognormal model, where the asset jumps from a fixed known amount at each dividend date. There is however no exact closed-form formula for the pricing of Vanilla options under this model. Approximations must be used. While there exists many approximations taylored t…
We clarify the relations among different Fourier-based approaches to option pricing, and improve the B-spline probability density projection method using the sinh-acceleration technique. This allows us to efficiently separate the control of different sources of errors better than the FFT-based realization allows; in many cases, the CPU time decreases as well. We demonstrate the improvement of the B-spline projection method through several numerical experiments in option pricing, including European and barrier options, where the SINH acceleration technique proves to be robust and accurate.
Application of Tensor Neural Networks to Pricing Bermudan Swaptions
针对传统蒙特卡洛法及深度学习方法在利率衍生品定价中的精度、维数灾难及训练效率问题，提出用张量神经网络为欧洲和百慕大互换期权定价，经基准测试验证其训练更快、定价更准更稳且参数更省。
We derive analytic series representations for European option prices in polynomial stochastic volatility models. This includes the Jacobi, Heston, Stein-Stein, and Hull-White models, for which we provide numerical case studies. We find that our polynomial option price series expansion performs as efficiently and accurately as the Fourier transform based method in the nested affine cases. We also derive and numerically validate series representations for option Greeks. We depict an extension of our approach to exotic options whose payoffs depend on a finite number of prices.
In this paper we consider a jump-diffusion dynamic whose parameters are driven by a continuous time and stationary Markov Chain on a finite state space as a model for the underlying of European contingent claims. For this class of processes we firstly outline the Fourier transform method both in log-price and log-strike to efficiently calculate the value of various types of options and as a concrete example of application, we present some numerical results within a two-state regime switching version of the Merton jump-diffusion model. Then we develop a closed-form solution to the problem of pr…
Using a suitable change of probability measure, we obtain a novel Poisson series representation for the arbitrage- free price process of vulnerable contingent claims in a regime-switching market driven by an underlying continuous- time Markov process. As a result of this representation, along with a short-time asymptotic expansion of the claim's price process, we develop an efficient method for pricing claims whose payoffs may depend on the full path of the underlying Markov chain. The proposed approach is applied to price not only simple European claims such as defaultable bonds, but also a n…
High-order ADI scheme for option pricing in stochastic volatility models
本文提出一种高阶交替方向隐式有限差分方案，用于求解具有混合导数和非常系数的对流-扩散型初边界值问题，验证了该方法在Heston随机波动率模型下的高阶收敛性。
High-order compact finite difference scheme for option pricing in stochastic volatility models
本文提出一种高阶紧致有限差分方案用于随机波动率模型中的期权定价，该方案在空间上四阶准确，时间上二阶准确，并通过数值实验验证了非光滑 payoff 的四阶收敛性。
Full grid solution for multi-asset options pricing with tensor networks
本文提出利用张量网络技术解决多资产期权定价问题，通过QTT方法实现高维问题的高效求解，提升了计算精度和处理能力。
A time-stepping deep gradient flow method for option pricing in (rough) diffusion models
提出一种时间步进深度梯度流方法，将期权定价偏微分方程转化为能量最小化问题，有效解决粗糙波动率模型高维近似下的欧式期权定价，并保持渐近行为与先验界限。
Convolution-FFT for option pricing in the Heston model
本文提出了一种基于卷积-FFT的方法，用于在Heston模型中高精度定价欧式期权，并提供了显式的误差界分析。
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