用数值模拟模拟气溶胶传输和病毒暴露与室内吸入传播SARS-CoV-2的关系
Modelling aerosol transport and virus exposure with numerical simulations in relation to SARS-CoV-2 transmission by inhalation indoors
摘要：
我们提供了与SARS-CoV-2的假设气溶胶传播相关的气溶胶分散物理学研究结果。我们利用不同复杂程度的基于物理学的建模，以及冠状病毒的文献，来研究空气传播的可能性。先前的文献、我们通过各种基于物理的模型进行的0 D-3D模拟以及理论计算表明，由语音和咳嗽引起的液滴的典型尺寸范围（d <20微米）允许在空气中停留O（1h），以便它们可以被吸入。与以前的文献相一致，提供了关于甚至大液滴（最大尺寸为O（100微米））快速干燥成液滴核/气溶胶的过程的数值证据。根据文献和公共媒体来源，我们提供的证据表明，受感染的个体可能通过吸入大量的气溶胶/液滴核（如O（100））而暴露于气溶胶/液滴核。通过三维计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟，给出了一般环境中d<20 μ m的气溶胶在O（10 m）距离上的输运和稀释过程。我们研究了易感和感染的个人在一般的公共场所的蒙特卡洛建模。该模型考虑了易感者通过吸入积累的局部变化的气溶胶浓度水平。引入的概念，“暴露时间”的病毒含有气溶胶的建议，以补充传统的“安全距离”的想法。结果表明，吸入O（100）气溶胶的暴露时间可以从O（1 s）到O（1 min），甚至可以从O（1h）不等。蒙特卡罗分析提供了明确的定量洞察暴露时间在不同的公共室内环境。
英文摘要：
We provide research findings on the physics of aerosol dispersion relevant to the hypothesized aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We utilize physics-based modeling at different levels of complexity, and literature on coronaviruses, to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission. The previous literature, our 0D-3D simulations by various physics-based models, and theoretical calculations, indicate that the typical size range of speech and cough originated droplets (d < 20microns) allows lingering in the air for O(1h) so that they could be inhaled. Consistent with the previous literature, numerical evidence on the rapid drying process of even large droplets, up to sizes O(100microns), into droplet nuclei/aerosols is provided. Based on the literature and the public media sources, we provide evidence that the infected individuals could have been exposed to aerosols/droplet nuclei by inhaling them in significant numbers e.g. O(100). By 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we give examples on the transport and dilution of aerosols (d<20microns) over distances O(10m) in generic environments. We study susceptible and infected individuals in generic public places by Monte-Carlo modeling. The model accounts for the locally varying aerosol concentration levels which the susceptible accumulate via inhalation. The introduced concept, 'exposure time' to virus containing aerosols is proposed to complement the traditional 'safety distance' thinking. We show that the exposure time to inhale O(100) aerosols could range from O(1s) to O(1min) or even to O(1h) depending on the situation. The Monte Carlo analysis provides clear quantitative insight to the exposure time in different public indoor environments.
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